Respiratory-System.pdf

Respiratory System - It will trigger depending on the level of pH (acidity and alkalinity) in the blood *If you have tons of carbon dioxide in Func...

Respiratory System - It will trigger depending on the level of pH (acidity and alkalinity) in the blood *If you have tons of carbon dioxide in Functions: the blood, contraction of diaphragm will - Gas exchange (taking in oxygen and happen because it allows the lungs to removing carbon dioxide out our body) expand to expel more carbon dioxide for *Carbon Dioxide – waste product the pH level to become 7.4. Once the pH - Protection level reaches 7.4 the 2 muscles will then o Two important cells in the relax. respiratory track: ▪ Goblet Cells – essential External Respiration for the production of - Exchange of gases between the air in the mucus. lungs and the blood in the pulmonary *Mucus – trap capillaries. contaminants ▪ Ciliated Columnar – push and filter out Internal Respiration/ Cellular Respiration contaminants. - Exchange of gases between the blood - Production of Sounds and the body’s cells. - Sense of Smell Flow of Air the Respiratory System 2 Major Zones of the Respiratory Nose and Nasal Cavity System - Nose is lined up with very vascular ciliated columnar epithelium. Conducting Zones - The first of the respiratory passages - Nose through which the inspired air passes. - Pharynx - Respiratory Function - Larynx o Begin the process by which the - Trachea air is warmed, filtered, and - Bronchi moistened. - Bronchioles o Warming – To be able to maintain homeostasis. Respiratory Zone o Filtering – Nasal hairs trap large - Lungs contaminants while mucus traps small contaminants and prevents Additional Information: the nose from drying. o Humidification – air becomes Pulmonary Respiration/ Breathing saturated with water vapor when - Oxygen enters lungs from the passing through the moist environment. mucosa. - It is the contraction and relaxation of 2 - Olfactory Function main muscles of respiration, namely the o There are nerve endings that diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. detect smell which is *Intercostal muscles – muscles in transmitted into the brain for between the ribs. interpretation. *Contraction – increase plural cavity o Above nasal cavity (lung space) to take more carbon dioxide - Nostrils/ Anterior Nares *Contraction = Inhalation = Inspiration o Opening of the nasal cavity *Relaxation = Exhalation = Expiration o Hairs are present in this area. - Nasal Cavity  o Nasal Conchae/Nasal Concave o Protection – Because of cilia ▪ Ridges or folds inside and mucus. our nasal cavity ▪ Also called nasal Larynx turbinates. - Voice box ▪ Responsible for - Lays in front of the laryngopharynx. warming, filtering, and - Main cartilages humidifying/moisten o Thyroid – Adam’s apple the air inside the nose. o Cricoids o Paranasal Sinuses o Arytenoids ▪ For mucus production o Epiglottis – Covers the larynx ▪ Also filter and moisten for the food to pass through the air. esophagus instead of the ▪ Frontal, Sphenoid, trachea. Ethmoid, and Maxillary - Functions Sinuses o Production of sounds ▪ Pitch depends on the - Additional Information: length and tightness of o Soft and Hard Palate cords ▪ Separate nasal cavity to ▪ Volume depends on the oral cavity. force which the cords ▪ Hard palette is more vibrate boney than soft palette. ▪ Tone depends on the o Eustachian Tube shape of the mouth, ▪ Controls the pressure of position of tongue and air in the external lips, facial muscles and environment or in the air. nasal cavity o Speech ▪ Connects the back of ▪ Manipulation of vocal the throat and ears cords. o Protection of the lower Pharynx respiratory tract - Lies behind the nose, mouth, and larynx ▪ Ensures that the food and is wider at its upper end. will not pass the lower - Parts respiratory tract. o Nasopharynx – connects to the o Passage of Air nasal cavity o Filtering, humidifying, and o Oropharynx – connects to the warming of air oral cavity o Laryngopharynx – connects to Trachea the larynx - Windpipe - Layers - Composed of 16 – 20 incomplete C – o Mucus shaped rings o Fibrous - Continuation of larynx and divided at o Muscle the Carina into the left and right - Functions bronchi; It also lies in front of the o Passage for air and food esophagus. o Warming and humidifying - Protected by C – shaped cartilages to o Taste – because of oropharynx make sure that the trachea is always which contains the tongue. open. - Layers:  o Outer layer – consists of fibrous o Support and patency and elastic tissues and encloses o Removal of particular matter the cartilages. o Cough reflex o Middle layer – consists of cartilages and bands of smooth Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveoli muscle. - Lobules are the bind end of the o Inner lining – consists of respiratory tracts distal to the terminal ciliated columnar cells. bronchioles, consisting of respiratory - Functions: bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. o Support and Patency - Distal respiratory passages are supported ▪ Prevent obstruction of by a loose network of elastic connective airway as the head and tissues in which macrophages, neck moves. fibroblast, nerves, blood, and lymph o Mucociliary Escalator vessels are embedded. ▪ Movement of the cilia - Alveoli (Single: Alveolus) particles to the larynx o Exact location of gas exchange. where it is expectorated o Has a single layer of squamous or swallowed. cell for diffusion to happen. o Cough Reflex *Squamous cells – produce ▪ Sensory cells that force small amount of moisture. a cough or sneeze. *Gas exchange happens through diffusion; it is the movement Bronchi and Smaller Air Passages from high concentration to low - Right and left bronchus are formed concentration. when the trachea divides. o Surrounded by capillaries - Right Bronchus (blood vessels) o Wider and shorter tube - Functions: o Lies in a more vertical position o External respiration - Left Bronchus o Defense against microbes o Narrower than the right o Warming and humidifying bronchus. Lungs Bronchi and Bronchioles - Description: - Bronchi is composed of the same tissues o Cone shaped as the trachea. o Apex – surrounded and rises - Types of bronchi into the root of the neck. o Primary – consists of the left o Base – closely associated with bronchus and the right bronchus the thoracic surface of the o Lobar/Secondary diaphragm. o Segmental/ Tertiary o Costal Surface – Closely - Bronchioles divided 15 – 20 times until associated with the costal terminal bronchioles cartilages, ribs, and intercostal *Terminal bronchioles – less than 1mm muscles in diameter and the smallest bronchioles. o Medial Surface – concave and - Alveolar ducts are the connection has a roughly triangular shaped between the terminal bronchioles and area called hilum; it is also the alveoli (tiny air sacs) where the blood vessels enter. - Functions of air passages not involved in o Mediastinum – Area between gas exchange the lungs. o Control of air entry *Cardiac Notch – where the o Warming and humidifying heart is.  - Organization o Right Lungs Cell Nutrition ▪ 3 Lobes and 2 Fissures - Nutritive materials required by the cells o Left Lungs are transported round the body in the ▪ 2 Lobes and 1 Fissure blood plasma. *Fissure – division of lobes o Diffusion – constitutes semi- permeable membrane that Pleura and Pleural Cavity allows substance with small - Dual Membrane that has fluid in molecules to pass through into between. the tissue fluid. - Protect lungs from friction against o Osmosis- Draws water from a thoracic wall. dilute to a more concentrated - Visceral Pleura – Adjacent to the lungs solution through osmotic - Parietal Pleura – Adjacent to the thoracic pressure with the attempt to wall establish a state of equilibrium o Capillary Fluid Dynamics – Requirements for Effective Gas Exchange transfer substance to tissue - Large surface area spaces. - Thin layer of cells - Presence of moisture Medulla Oblangata – respiratory center of the - Alveoli has to be covered with body. capillaries Respiratory Volume Additional Information: - Used to assess a person’s respiratory health. Respiration - Dependent upon arrangement of the Tidal Volume (TV) pleura, the contraction and relaxation of - Volume of air that is inhaled and the diaphragm and intercostal muscles exhaled with each breath during quiet and the elastic connective tissue. breathing. - 500 ml Ventilation - Movement of air in and out of the lungs Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) - Conducting Portion – air passageway - Volume of air that can be forcibly - Respiration Portion – where gas inhaled in addition to tidal volume exchange happens - 3.1 liters Elasticity and Expendability of Lungs Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) - Compliance – measure of elasticity and - Volume of air that can be forcibly expandability of the lungs. exhaled in addition to tidal volume - Elastic Recoil – the ability of the lungs - 1.2 liters to go back to its natural shape. - Hearing Breur Reflux – prevents over Residual Volume (RV) infiltration of the lung and rapture of - Air that remains in the lungs after the alveoli. most forceful exhalation. - Surfactants – acts as a lubricant that - 1.2 liters reduces friction in the lungs. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) - Sum of TV and IRV  - Total amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly. Functional Reserve Capacity (FRC) - Sum of RV and ERV - Amount of air remaining in the lungs after exhalation during quiet breathing. Vital Capacity (VC) - Sum of TV and IRV and ERV - Total volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled - 4.8 liters Total Lung Capacity - Sum of IRV and TV and ERV and RV - Total volume of air in fully inflated lungs. - 6 liters Inhaled Air - Nitrogen 78% - Oxygen 20.9% - Argon 0.96% - Water Vapour 0.1% - Carbon Dioxide 0.04% Exhaled Air - Nitrogen 78% - Oxygen 16% - Water Vapour 1.04% - Argon 0.96% - Carbon Dioxide 4.0%