Simplified_ Human Respiratory System.pdf

Human Respiratory System Parts and Organs of Human Respiratory System Mechanisms of Gas Exchange and types Diseases and disorders of the Respiratory System 1. Parts and Organs of Human Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Tract includes nostrils, nasal cavity, pharyn...

Human Respiratory System Parts and Organs of Human Respiratory System Mechanisms of Gas Exchange and types Diseases and disorders of the Respiratory System 1. Parts and Organs of Human Respiratory System Upper Respiratory Tract includes nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat) and the larynx (voice box). These are the first passageways that air flows during the phase of breathing in, these organs also guide the air, filter, moistens and traps particles to avoid them going through our lungs. (Figure 1.1) The Lower respiratory tract is also as important as the upper respiratory tract and holds 5 parts/organs that includes: Trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli. Now let's dive deeper to see what each organs do to help our respiratory system, Trachea: its main goal/function is to carry air in and out of our lungs the air, Bronchi: this organ’s main goal is to also carry air and to moisten the air and helps screen out foreign particle before the air enters our bronchioles and into our lungs. Bronchioles: as the bronchi goes deeper it gets divided into smaller passageways called bronchioles this organ’s main function is to carry air in and out of our alveoli which is also the main organ where gas exchange happens, Lungs: this organ’s main function is to process respiration, and Lastly the Alveoli: This organ is also called the site of gas exchange, these are tiny air sacs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens. (check the next page for figure 1.2 for clearer overview of lower respiratory tract) (Figure 1.2) (Figure 2.1) 2A. Mechanisms of Gas Exchange Now let’s head to the second topic: which is called Respiration. Most of us think respiration is synonymous with breathing and that is wrong, breathing is just a phase of respiration. Let’s find out the 4 Phases of Respiration. 1st Phase: Breathing or Ventilation - the act of taking air in (inhale/inspiration) and out of the lungs (exhale/expiration) 2nd Phase: External Respiration - the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood within the lungs 3rd Phase: Internal Respiration - the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body cells 4th Phase: Cellular Respiration - the process of using oxygen (oxidation) to break down sugar (glucose) in food, producing energy or ATP in cells, and releasing carbon dioxide as the waste product (check at the top for figure 2.1 to see a completed overview of mechanisms of gas exchange) 2B. Types Of Gas Exchange systems Cutaneous/ Integumentary Respiration: - Occurs through the skin. Earthworms utilize this system. Since they do not have lungs, their skin needs to stay moist to allow passage of dissolved oxygen into their bloodstream Go to this Website to dive deeper about Cutaneous Respiration (https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicin e/cutaneous-respiration) Gills: - Most commonly found on marine animals, allow for exchange of gasses underwater by extracting dissolved oxygen in water and releasing carbon dioxide. Go to this website for a completed overview about this topic (https://byjus.com/biology/respiration-fish-mechanism/) Tracheal System: - Used by insects. Air enters through external openings called spiracles into a network of tracheal tubes where gas exchange takes place. Go here for a more deeper explanation about Tracheal Respiration System and what specie uses it (https://byjus.com/question-answer/the-tracheal-system-of-respiration-is-present-i n-which-organism/) Lungs: - Found in land animals, mammals, birds like owls, parrots and eagles etc. Move up to learn more about how gas exchange occurs in humans at 2A. Mechanisms Of Gas Exchange 3A. Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Now let us also learn about the infectious diseases of the respiratory tract Common Cold/s: - Normally caused by rhinovirus, and usually last 3 days to 2 weeks, by just drinking plenty of water and rest our body will eventually heal up, take note it is still a communicable disease Influenza/Flu: - This disease is caused by myxovirus, part of the family of Orthomyxovirade, includes types and curable with medicines consulted by a doctor, but still it is also communicable by respiratory droplets (coughs, sneezes etc.) Pneumonia: - This disease is caused by a virus that infects our lungs and air pathways (bronchus - singular, bronchi - plural) and contains symptoms that include difficulty in breathing, mild fever, coughs etc. curable by using medicines, antibiotics and pain relievers Tuberculosis: - This is caused by bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, be cautious this disease is deadly and easily communicable, don’t worry this disease is preventable and curable, but take note of symptoms, prolonged cough, chest pain, weakness and dizziness 3B. Respiratory Tract Disorders Asthma: - Causes inflammation or swelling and narrowing the airways making it difficult to breath, production of too much mucus, also affecting all ages and also long term. Maybe generic allergies that trigger it and just maybe caused by viral respiratory disorders. Incurable but can be prevented by avoiding fumes, smoking and adapting a healthy lifestyle may help. This disorder in a Non-Communicable Disease Bronchitis: - A condition that develops when the airways in the lung, called bronchial tubes become inflamed and cause coughing, often correlates with excessive mucus production. Thus this disorder could be Acute - Short Term and Chronic - Long Term. Acute Bronchitis can be contagious, Transferable through droplets, sneezes and skin contact could transmit this disorder Emphysema: - A lung disease that causes shortness of breath, It is also referred as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), This causes damage to our alveolus and our lung tissue to break and create one big pocket instead of small ones, Usually caused by dirty and unclean air, symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing and fatigue. Treatment would be a proper healthy lifestyle COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease): - In simple explanation it is caused by asthma, bronchitis and emphysema all together, and when emphysema kicks in this becomes untreatable. It is a long lasting disease where the respiratory airways and alveoli become damaged. It is called obstructive because it limits the flow of air into and out of your lungs. Incurable by using anything but it can get better by quitting smoking, vaccines, oxygen and pulmonary rehabilitation Lung Cancer: - In simple definition: is a tumor that forms inside the tissue of the lung and damages air passages. It is also the leading cause of cancer related deaths in men and women since the 1800 till the 21th century. Like most cancers it has 4 Stages, 1st stage being most treatable and 4 being a few days to live if lucky, sometimes weeks and even months. Treatable slowly using chemotherapy, Starts at Php 20,000 some even up to Php 120,000 per session (Around 35O USD To 2,060 USD Per Session) Oncologist - Cancer Specialist that will help and provide you care, incase of us having cancer