Resonance (1) PDF - Anatomy

1.​ Label the head, neck, face muscles relevant to resonance Skeletal Framework ​ These bones are part of the velopharyngeal system—the soft palate system ​ Many VP muscles are attached to these bones Crani...

1.​ Label the head, neck, face muscles relevant to resonance Skeletal Framework ​ These bones are part of the velopharyngeal system—the soft palate system ​ Many VP muscles are attached to these bones Cranial bones ​ Temporal (two) ​ Parietal (two) ​ Occipital (one) ​ Frontal (one) ​ Sphenoid (one) ​ Ethmoid (one) Facial bones ​ Maxillary (two) ​ Palatine (two) ​ Vomer (one) ​ Inferior nasal conchae (two) ​ Lacrimal (two) ​ Nasal (two) ​ Zygomatic (two) ​ Mandible (one)  2.​ Identify and label parts of the pharynx, velum, nasal cavities and outer nose -​ In the context of speech and sound, resonance refers to the enhancement, shaping, and amplification of sound as it passes through the various cavities of the vocal tract, including the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharynx. -​ Resonance in speech is the natural amplification and modification of sound vibrations as they pass through the vocal tract, giving the voice its unique quality and character. Pharynx ​ Opening of oropharynx is through the faucial isthmus (bounded by anterior faucial pillars) ​ Oropharynx contains the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil Velum ​ Velum means "curtain" ​ Consists of the soft palate and uvula ​ Covered with connective tissue ​ Muscle fibers are most numerous in middle portion; scarce at front and back Nasal Cavities: ​ Also called nasal fossae ​ Two chambers separated by nasal septum ​ Septum is cartilage at front, bone at back ​ Floor is hard palate ​ Lateral walls are made up of conchae, which are curled and convoluted bones ​ Rich blood supply (nose bleed) ​ Nasal vestibule at front ​ They provide turbulence -​ Cilia in there catch debris you inhale -​ The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae are bony structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area and regulate airflow. -​ The superior and middle conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone, while the inferior concha is a separate bone. -​ These conchae filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air, trap particles in the mucus lining, and create turbulence for efficient air conditioning. -​ The superior concha also directs air toward the olfactory epithelium, enhancing the sense of smell. -​ Together, they play critical roles in respiratory function, supporting filtration, olfaction, and sinus drainage 3.​ Relate anatomical structures and functions to resonance disorders including nasality and velopharyngeal disorders. (couldn’t find anything about disorders) Velopharyngeal-Nasal Control Variables -​ These variables describe the adjustments and interactions within the velopharyngeal-nasal system that influence speech and breathing. -​ They include the resistance to airflow, the force of sphincter closure, and the impedance to sound transmission. -​ Velopharyngeal-nasal airway resistance -​ Velopharyngeal sphincter compression -​ Velopharyngeal-nasal acoustic impedance 1.​ Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance -​ This refers to the opposition to airflow through the velopharyngeal and nasal cavities -​ It is influenced by the degree of velopharyngeal closure, the size of the nasal passages, and the stiffness of surrounding tissues -​ Higher resistance occurs when the velopharyngeal port (passageway between the oral and nasal cavities) is partially closed, as in producing certain speech sounds. -​ Opposition to air flow through the velopharyngeal-nasal airway -​ Can be altered by changes in cross-section/length of the velopharyngeal port, -​ engorgement of the nasal cavities, and/or cross-section of the anterior nares -​ Resistance also changes with the speed of air flow -​ If the velopharyngeal port is closed, air goes through the mouth. -​ If the velopharyngeal port is opened, air goes through the nose 2.​ Velopharyngeal Sphincter Compression -​ This describes the force applied by the muscles of the velopharyngeal port to close the passage between the oral and nasal cavities. -​ Sufficient compression is critical for preventing air leakage into the nasal cavity during speech, especially for oral sounds. -​ To create the resistance, you need a degree of force for your velum – sometimes lower, sometimes higher -​ The more muscular pressure, the more force -​ The velopharynx can be closed with low compressive force (gently) or high compressive force (forcefully) -​ Velopharyngeal muscles determine the level of this compressive force -​ Different tasks require different levels of compressive force  3.​ Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance -​ This refers to the resistance to sound energy flow within the velopharyngeal-nasal system. -​ It is determined by the degree of velopharyngeal closure and whether the nasal passages are open or closed. -​ High impedance reduces nasal resonance, while low impedance allows for nasal sound production, as in /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/. -​ Opposition to the flow of sound offered by the velopharygneal-nasal apparatus -​ Velopharyngeal port status (degree of opening) is the most important determinant of velopharyngeal-nasal impedance 4.​ Identify and label the details of the mandible, maxilla and dentition. Mandible Maxilla Dentition -​ Refers to the arrangement, development, and condition of teeth in the mouth. It involves the structure and pattern of the teeth, including their type, number, and placement within the dental arches (upper and lower jaws). Dentition plays an essential role in chewing, speaking, and facial aesthetics. 5.​ Identify the regions of the tongue.  6.​ Identify and label the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue. 7.​ Describe the movements of the muscles of the tongue and jaw for speech -​ The tongue has intrinsic (within the tongue) and extrinsic (attached to external structures) muscles. Muscles of the tongue: Intrinsic muscles: Superior Longitudinal -​ Originates from the hyoid bone within the root of the tongue and inserts into the front edges of the tongue and the upper surface of the tongue tip -​ Contraction can shorten the tongue, pull the tip upward, and pull the lateral margins upward Inferior Longitudinal -​ Originates from the hyoid bone at the root of the tongue and inserts near the lower surface of the tongue tip -​ Contraction shortens the tongue and pulls the tip downward Vertical -​ Originates from just beneath the dorsum of the tongue and inserts near the sides of the lower surface of the tongue -​ Contraction flattens the tongue—down into the floor of the oral cavity Transverse -​ Originates from the median fibrous skeleton of the tongue and inserts in the fibrous tissue along the side of the tongue -​ Contraction narrows and elongates the tongue -​ Insert into fibrous tissue -​ Narrow and elongate the tongue (like putting the tongue into a hotdog bun) Muscles of the tongue: extrinsic muscles: Styloglossus: -​ Originates from the side of the styloid process of the temporal bone and the stylomandibular ligament and inserts into the sides of the root of the tongue and from there fibers run in various directions -​ Contraction can draw the tongue body upward and backward, pull the side of the tongue upward, shorten the tongue, and/or pull the tongue tip toward the side Palatoglossus: -​ Palatoglossus (Glossopalatine) -​ Originates at the side of the root of the tongue and inserts into the lower surface of the palatal aponeurosis (sheet of fibrous tissue) ○​ Inserts near the velum -​ Contraction pulls upward, backward, and inward on the root of the tongue -​ Very important muscle that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity Hyoglossus: -​ Originates from the upper border of the body and greater cornua of the hyoid bone and inserts into the side of the tongue near the back  -​ Contraction lowers the tongue body and draws it backward Genioglossus: -​ Originates from the inner surface of the body of the mandible near the midline and the lower fibers insert into the root of the tongue, the middle fibers insert into the tongue near the junction of the dorsum and blade, and the upper fibers insert into the tip of the tongue -​ When the genioglossus contracts, it pulls the tongue forward and protrudes it out of the mouth. This is especially evident during actions like sticking out the tongue. -​ Contraction can also flatten and depress the tongue, particularly its central portion, depending on how the fibers are activated. -​ Covers most of the inferior side of the tongue (underneath layer) Muscles of the jaw (mandible): -​ Masseter -​ Temporalis -​ Internal pterygoid -​ External pterygoid -​ Digastric (anterior belly) -​ Mylohyoid -​ Geniohyoid Masseter -​ Outer layer (bulk of muscle) originates from an aponeurosis (flat piece of tissue) along the front part of the zygomatic arch and inserts on the angle and outer surface of the ramus of the mandible; inner layer originates from entire length of zygomatic arch and inserts into the outer surface of the upper half of the ramus and its coronoid process -​ Contraction of outer layer pulls upward on the mandible -​ Contraction of inner layer pulls upward and backward on the mandible Temporalis (deep) -​ Originates from the inferior temporal line of the parietal bone and greater wing of the sphenoid bone and inserts on the inner surface and front border of the coronoid process and front surface of the ramus of the mandible -​ Contraction pulls upward and backward on the mandible Internal pterygoid (also called the medial pterygoid) -​ Originates from the lateral pterygoid plate and perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and inserts on the inner surface of the angle and ramus of the mandible -​ Contraction pulls upward on the mandible -​ Together with the masseter, it forms a ‘sling’ that straps the mandible to the skull External pterygoid -​ Originates from the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and from the lateral pterygoid plate and inserts into the neck of the condyle of the mandible -​ Contraction pulls the mandible downward and forward Digastric (anterior belly) 2 of them -​ Originates from the inside the lower border of the mandible and inserts into a tendon -​ Contraction pulls downward on the mandible (with the hyoid bone relatively fixed) -​ Posterior belly of digastric (not muscle of the mandible because it is attached to mastoid notch of temporal bone) Mylohyoid -​ Originates along the inner surface of the body of the mandible and inserts into a tendinous midline raphe or the front surface of the hyoid bone -​ Contraction pulls down on the mandible (with the hyoid bone relatively fixed) Geniohyoid -​ Originates from the inner surface of the front of the mandible to the front surface of the body of the hyoid bone (runs essentially parallel to the anterior belly of the digastic) -​ Contraction pulls down on the mandible (with the hyoid bone relatively fixed) Muscles of the mandible: Overview of coordinated movements for speech: Vowels: -​ The tongue’s position (high/low, front/back) and jaw opening determine vowel quality. ○​ Example: /i/ ("beet") requires a high, front tongue position and a relatively closed jaw. Consonants: -​ Tongue tip and blade: ○​ For /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/, the tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge. -​ Tongue dorsum: ○​ For /k/ and /g/, the back of the tongue contacts the soft palate (velum). -​ Lips and jaw coordination: ○​ For bilabial sounds like /p/, /b/, and /m/, the jaw closes slightly to bring the lips together. 8.​ Understand how development changes oral motor structures -​ Anatomical changes include: -​ Mandible and lips grow and changes in shape -​ Teeth are added -​ Pharynx lengthens (and larynx descends) -​ Tongue descends (fills less of the oral cavity) -​ As you age, the there is more room in the oral cavity (more airspace) -​ By 6 years it is developed enough to basically represent the adult skeleton -​ In infants, the larynx is positioned higher in the neck and at a steeper angle compared to adults. This anatomical arrangement facilitates sucking and swallowing by allowing the infant to breathe and feed simultaneously without choking. The higher position of the larynx also helps direct milk away from the airway during feeding. -​ The newborns tongue takes up most of the oral cavity to help with sucking (pressurizes the oral cavity) -​ By about 1 year, the tongue moves down and further backward and disassociates itself from the jaw -​ Pharynx in children is quite small -​ Pharynx lengthens and larynx descends as you develop -​ Development of the first 20th teeth Development -​ Neurological control develops -​ Rapid growth in young children that decreases at 5 years of age -​ Speech motor control develops nonlinearly with incremental increases in skill acquisition -​ Speaking rate increases during development -​ Articulatory movement variability during speaking decreases with development -​ During development, the neurological control of speech and motor functions undergoes significant maturation, supporting the refinement of communication skills. In young children, rapid physical and neurological growth occurs, with the most accelerated changes happening within the first five years of life, after which growth slows down. -​ Speech motor control develops in a nonlinear fashion, with children acquiring new skills incrementally as their neuromuscular systems mature. -​ As they grow, their speaking rate progressively increases, reflecting greater efficiency and coordination in speech production. -​ Additionally, the variability in articulatory movements during speaking decreases over time, indicating improved precision and consistency in muscle control. -​ These developmental changes collectively enable children to achieve more fluent and intelligible speech as they transition into adolescence and adulthood