Systems of Human Body Anatomy Overview PDF

 System of Human Body: Anatomy Overview dr. Rahmadini, M Biomed Objectives: Definition of anatomy Branches of anatomy Structural organization of the human body Introduction of organ systems General anatomy ○ The anatomical pos...

 System of Human Body: Anatomy Overview dr. Rahmadini, M Biomed Objectives: Definition of anatomy Branches of anatomy Structural organization of the human body Introduction of organ systems General anatomy ○ The anatomical position ○ Directional terms ○ Planes & sections ○ Body cavities & body membranes ○ Anatomical surface Definition of Anatomy: Taken from a Greek word “anatomē” which consists of “Ana” meaning Up/ Through (breaking up) and the word “Tome” meaning cutting or slice, when combined the word “anatomē” meant dissection. The word anatomy itself is defined as a scientific study of the structure of organisms, including their systems, organs, and tissues. Branches of Anatomy: A. Microscopic anatomy: ○ Examine structures that can be observed by the naked eye ○ E.g. regional anatomy, systemic anatomy B. Microscopic anatomy: ○ Examine structure that can’t be observed by the naked eye ○ E.g. histology, cytology Structural organization of Human Body: Chemical level ○ Most simplest level ○ Atoms are the smallest unit of matter ○ Two or more atoms will form a molecule ○ Examples of molecules include: protein, water molecule, or vitamin ○ Large molecules join in many ways to form cells ○ e.g. Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) are fundamental elements that make up the human body. Molecular level ○ Basic unit of structure and function in organisms = cells ○ Specialized structural and functional unit called organelles ○ Organelles are found in all living cells to share some specific common functions. ○ e.g. Water (H₂O) and Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) Tissue level ○ Tissues are precise organization of similar cells that performs special functions  ○ Four type of tissues i. Epithelial tissue ii. Connective tissue iii. Muscle tissue iv. Nervous tissue Organ level ○ Different tissue types combine to form an organ such as small intestine, brain, lungs, stomach or heart. ○ Organs contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific and complex functions. ○ e.g. Heart, Gaster, Liver and Lungs Organ System level ○ Organ system level consists of related organs that works together to call upon activities and achieve a common function ○ e.g. Several organs of the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, & trachea) collaborate to clean, humidify and conduct air from the atmosphere to the gas exchange surface in the lungs. ○ More e.g. Lymphatic system, Digestion system, Nervous system, reproductive system, respiratory system, etc. Organismal level ○ Highest level of structural organization in the body ○ All body systems function interdependently in a single living being in an organism (in this case, a human being). The Organ Systems of the Body: A. The Integumentary System: a. Protects against environmental hazards b. Helps to control the body temperature c. Synthesize vitamin D d. Prevent water loss e. Site of subcutaneous receptors f. e.g. Skin, epidermis, dermis, nails, and hair B. The Skeletal System: a. Provides support b. Protect tissues c. Provide site for muscle attachment d. Stores minerals (calcium and phosphorus) e. Site of hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis (blood cell production) f. e.g. Bones and joints C. The Muscular System: a. Locomotion/ body movement b. generate heat when muscles contract c. e.g. axial and appendicular muscle (general) D. The Nervous System: a. Directs immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems. b. The regulatory system that controls body movement c. Respond to sensory stimuli d. Responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory e. e.g. Central nervous system, Spinal cord, brain and peripheral nervous system. E. The Endocrine System: a. Direct long term changes in activities of other organs systems b. Consist of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones c. Regulate body at cellular growth d. e.g. Testis, Thyroid gland F. The Digestive System: a. Processes food and absorbs nutrients. b. Digest food materials mechanically and chemically. c. expel waste products (excretion). d. e.g. Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine, Small Stomach, etc. G.The Cardiovascular System: a. Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gas.  b. Blood is transported in the blood vessel to distribute nutrients, hormones, gasses, and waste products. c. e.g. Heart, Aorta, Artery, Vena/ veins, blood etc. H. The Lymphatic System: a. Defends against infection and disease b. Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream c. e.g. Spleen, Lymph nodes, thoracic duct, Red bone marrow, thymus, etc. I. The Respiratory System: a. Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs b. Exchange of gasses between blood and air in the lungs c. e.g. Lungs, Alveoli, Trachea, Bronchi, etc. J. The Urinary System: a. Filters the blood and removes waste product from the blood b. Concentrates waste products in the form of urine c. Eliminates excess water, salts and waste products. K. The Reproductive System: a. Produces sex cells and hormones b. Male reproductive system: produce male sex cells (sperm) and hormone testosterone. c. Female reproductive system: produce female sex cells (oocyte) and hormone progesterone and estrogen, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of embryonic development. The Anatomical Position: A standard reference posture in anatomy to describe the locations and relationships of body parts. Directional Terms: ○ Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body (e.g., the head is superior to the neck). ○ Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body (e.g., the stomach is inferior to the lungs). ○ Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front of the body (e.g., the chest is anterior to the spine). ○ Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back of the body (e.g., the spine is posterior to the heart). ○ Medial: Toward the midline of the body (e.g., the nose is medial to the eyes). ○ Lateral: Away from the midline of the body (e.g., the arms are lateral to the chest). ○ Intermediate: Between a more medial and a more lateral structure (e.g., the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder). ○ Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment or origin (used for limbs; e.g., the elbow is proximal to the wrist). ○ Distal: Farther from the point of attachment or origin (e.g., the fingers are distal to the wrist).  ○ Superficial: Toward or at the body surface (e.g., the skin is superficial to the muscles). ○ Deep: Away from the body surface; more internal (e.g., the lungs are deep to the rib cage). Anatomical Planes ○ Median/ sagittal (Midsagittal) plane: Divides a structure into right and left portions. ○ Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides a structure into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. ○ Transverse Plane: Divides a structure into superior (above/ upper) and inferior (under/ lower) portions. Anatomical Sections ○ Longitudinal Section: Divides a structure into right and left portions. ○ Transverse Section: Divides a structure into an axial or horizontal plane, divides the body into superior (above/ upper) and inferior (under/ lower) parts, running perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes. ○ ○ Oblique Section: refers to any cut made at an angle that is not parallel to the standard anatomical planes (sagittal, coronal, or transverse), allowing for a more complex view of the body's internal structures. (Oblique = Odd) Anatomical Section of the Human Brain ○ ○ anatomists create sections of the body and export them anatomically. Clinicians create them by imaging technologies such as Computed Tomography (CT) that describe and display internal structures. as we see on the left side, it shows the CT scan of the eyes on the transverse plane. Surface Anatomy The study of shapes and markings (landmarks) on the surface of the body that reveal the underlying organs. Mainly divided into two sections: thoracic wall and anterolateral abdominal. Body Cavities  Body Membranes Anatomical and Clinical Terminology Anatomical terminology → majority from latin terms Clinical terminology → majority from greek terms Dreek were the founders of rational medicine in the 5th century BC Greek’s prominent figure : hippocrates (known well as the father of medicine). The Greek language is suitable for the building of compound words. Pioneer of Modern Anatomist Andreas Vesalius : pioneer of modern anatomy, he is an anatomist and a doctor who's sectioned the human body to correct the misconception of the ancient times. he published the first atlas of anatomy : De Humani Corporis Fabrica (on the structure of the human body in 1543) terminology of anatomy is almost exclusively in latin was the language of science up to the beginning of the 18th century. The book that he wrote begins a rich tradition of medical illustration that has been handed down through the vivid atlas and textbook of today. Latin - Greek Synonyms in Medical Terminology