Reproduction in Different Animals 2024 PDF

Reproductive pattern In Different animals Ass. Prof. Samia El-Sharkawy Theriogenology Dep. Alex. Univ. Internationally Certified Associate trainer IBCT Certified trainer at FLDC Certified trainer at SCU Hormones & the estrous cycle OVARIAN CYCLES HORMONAL CHANGES DURING...

Reproductive pattern In Different animals Ass. Prof. Samia El-Sharkawy Theriogenology Dep. Alex. Univ. Internationally Certified Associate trainer IBCT Certified trainer at FLDC Certified trainer at SCU Hormones & the estrous cycle OVARIAN CYCLES HORMONAL CHANGES DURING THE ESTROUS CYCL FOLLICULAR WAVES OCCUR DURING ESTROUS CYCLE  cow Buffalo cow Type of estrous cycle and spolyestrous Polyestrous may be seasonal Length Cow (21 d: 18-24d) 21 d Duration of heat/ estrus 12-18 H 21 H (peak in early morning and night) Duration of metestrus 3-5 d 3-5 d Duration of diestrus 13-14 d 13-14 d Duration of proestrus 2-3 d 2-3 d Breeding time last half of heat period last half of heat period Am:Pm role Am:Pm role Puberty (first estrus cycle) 12 m 12-18 m Ovulation: Type Spontaneous Spontaneous Time 12-18 H after end of heat 12-18 H after end of heat Postpartum heat 40-60 d 60-90 d  The main sign of heat is receptivity of the female to the male The main sign of heat is receptivity of the female to the male Physical Signs of Estrus Behavioral – Manure on flanks – Bellowing – Loss of hair on tailhead & may be abrasions – Increased Activity – Red & swollen vulva – Walking the fence – Mucous discharge clear and glassy hanging line from vulva to the ground – Butting Miscellaneous Signs of Estrus – The cervix is more relaxed – Licking – Depressed appetite – The uterus is tonic and erected – Depressed milk production – Frequent Urination Heifers exhibit more estrus signs Mounting cow ---around estrus Mounted cow --- in estrus Post estrous / Metestrus Hemorrhage. Normal vaginal discharge of blood tinged mucus, typically observed 48 hours after the onset of estrus in 40% of cycling cows and 60% of cycling heifers.  During late proestrus and estrus high estrogen concentrations increase the vascularity of the endometrium  This vascularity reaching its peak in estrus after the end of estrus with decline estrogen levels some breakage of capillaries may occur resulting in a small loss of blood  It is not an indication of conception or a failure to conceive should not be confused with menstrual bleeding which occurs in humans. Animals behavior and external signs of ewe Frequent switching of the tail (pendulous movement) Restlessness, seeking out the ram and standing to be bred The animal will accept the male and stands for it. This is the most evidence of estrus. Thus a ram is essential for detection of heat. The vulva is enlarged. Mucus discharge is scanty and clear glassy at beginning of estrus and turbid in metestrus. The cervix is somewhat relaxed during estrus  Animals behavior and external signs of doe Many does will cycle visible if there is a buck or another source of buck odor. Buck have scent glands (caudo-medial to his horns) which produce a specific odor attract the female. Rapid side to side tail is good signs of heat  The effect of photoperiod on the Short-Day Breeders Characters of mare reproduction: The mare is seasonally polyestrous animal (meaning that under go regular estrus cycles during apportion of the year). Late spring-summer-early autumn No cycle in winter Ovulation fossa is site of ovulation in mare Endometrium secret PGf2 on day 13-14th post ovulation causing lysis of C.L The effect of the photoperiod on the long day breeders: The increased light duration during the spring … increases the firing of the retinal nerves … SCN... inhibition of the pineal gland.. decrease in melatonin … increase in GnRH … increase in LH and FSH … stimulate cyclicity (breeding season) HORMONES OF THE ESTROUS CYCLE IN MARE Puberty: Season play an important role on age of puberty in horses as they are seasonally breeder Although filly reaches the required body weight for normal cyclist but in late breeding season she may reach puberty in the next breeding season Fillies that are born in spring if they nourished well they will usually reach puberty during the second spring of their life Foaling in spring: reach maturity next spring if they are nourished well Foaling in summer: not reach maturity in next spring but wait to second spring Signs of estrus: Stand calm not kick the stallion Squatting (opening of two legs) Winking (rhythmic opening of ventral vulva lips to expose clitoris) Frequent urination of small most common Raise the tail Mare that not display signs may need to be teased by more than one stallion (teasing should be done every day) Anestrus mare react violently toward stallion bite–kick him if approach Teasing is a process of determining the mares reproductive status by exposing her to a stallion Raising the tail Frequent urination Winking Squatting  CHANGES IN REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN DURING ESTROUS CYCLE Anestrus non estrus ovulation After ovulation breeding season uterus Flaccid Thicker --- --- thin wall More vascular Haevier ovaries Small - firm Larger -soft -- -- vagina Pale - dry Pink - moist -- -- cervix In top portion of Move downward from upper At lowest point of Returns to its vaginal cavity portion of vaginal cavity vaginal cavity normal position And become more Pale Allow insertion of one finger May be laying on paler Dry vaginal floor Closed Pink-softer-moist Almost Not easily gasped undistinguished As estrogen at peak: Reddish pink Have numerous It will drop down bellow the folds vaginal cavity Permit insertion of 2-3 fingers Foal heat: It’s the first post partum estrus period and usually 9-12 day after foaling Minimum 5 days and maxmum 15 days Conception rate is usually quit high in foal heat but early embryonic death rate twice as in later conception due to inadequate involution of uterus Chances for normal pregnancy after heat breeding are still good Not breed old mares in foal heat as may occur inflammation  EXTERNAL SIGNS IN BITCH ❑ Proestrus 4-14 ( 9 days ) Aggressive to male Vulva swollen Bloody discharge (1-7 days after swollen vulva appear) Licking her self Restlessness passive to male but does not mate ❑ Estrus= Heat 4-21 ( 9 days ) Vulva discharge will be slightly pink turned yellow by the end of estrus female turns hindquarters towards male, raises pelvic region, waves tail (flagging), Male acceptance ❑ Diestrus 60 d Vulva shrinks, no discharge, non- acceptance of male CL present terminates with parturition (same length of pregnancy) ❑ Anestrus ( 100 ± days ) Inactive ovaries, no vulva discharge, low steroids Reproduction in th Queen SIGNS OF ESTRUS IN QUEEN ❖Attract to the male. ❖Rubbing head and neck on hard objects. ❖Vocalization, posturing and rolling on the floor. ❖Lordosis: keep the hind quarter elevated  Reproduction in She Camel Female Camel is polyestrus animal Sexual activity of she camel tends to be higher in winter and spring Due to absence of mid cycle CL the ovarian cycle is only a follicular wave. The length of follicular wave average 24 days  The follicular wave is divided into 4 stages A- The estrus or mature follicular stage (5 days) B- The atretic follicular stage (7 days) C- The non follicular stage (4 days) D- The growing follicular stage (9 days)  Seasonal variation occur in the length of the follicular wave (Rutting season winter and spring). Incomplete wave lacking the estrus stage were noticed in non rutting season (summer and autumn). Ovulation non spontaneous occur 32 – 40 hours after coitus The greatest percent of ovulation occur from right ovary Reproductive parameters: Puberty 3-5 years Gestation length: One humbed 12 month Two humbed 13 month Reproductive life span: 20 years No. of calves in life span: 8-12 calves 24 month calving interval Breeding season: December - April Animal behavior and external signs in she camel The female seeks the male and stands behind it The female shows restlessness, waggling of the tail and remain in recumbent position most of the time. She did not show resistance to handling the perineal region. She raises the tail with intermittent micturition  The appetite is slightly decreased on the first day of heat. The male smells the pole glands, neck and withers The vulva becomes slightly swollen with small amount of mucus Mucus is foul smelling to humans but a powerful and attractive olfactory stimulus for the male camel. Sexual behavior in camel: The head and neck become perpendicular to the body Frothing from the mouth Extended soft palate – rutting- Tail makes an angle 45 to the ischal arch