Animals' Needs & Reproduction PDF

ACT OF ENTRUSTMENT TO OUR LADY ASSUMED INTO HEAVEN O holy and glorious Virgin Mary, our Queen assumed into heaven, we cherish you with a special love, we place ourselves under your care our being, our families, our university, and our country....

ACT OF ENTRUSTMENT TO OUR LADY ASSUMED INTO HEAVEN O holy and glorious Virgin Mary, our Queen assumed into heaven, we cherish you with a special love, we place ourselves under your care our being, our families, our university, and our country. May we please you, O Queen and Mother, with zeal in prayer and patient perseverance in work and studies. Keep watch over us and turn your eyes full of mercy toward the whole world. Amen. The World of Animals HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS 1. ANIMAL CELLS ARE ORGANIZED Animals are multicellular organisms 2. ANIMALS OBTAIN THEIR FOOD FROM OTHERS Animals cannot make their own food  A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.  An autotroph is an organism that can be able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials by using basic energy source such as sunlight. DISTINCT GROUPS OF ANIMALS BASED ON WHAT THEY EAT Herbivores “plant-eating animals” Carnivores “flesh-eating animals” “sustains itself solely on meat” Omnivores “plant-and- flesh-eating animals” 3. ANIMALS HAVE ADAPTATIONS FOR ESCAPING PREDATORS  Camouflage – any combination of coloration, illumination or materials to for concealment  Nocturnal animals - are active at night time and then sleep during the day. 4. ANIMALS REPRODUCE THROUGH ASEXUAL OR SEXUAL MEANS 5. ANIMALS MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE ANIMALS’ NEED FOR SURVIVAL  1. The Needs for Protection and Support Integument - a tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant. Skin Structure Skin Structure Skin Structure  2. The Need to Provide Body Shape and Support for Internal Organs Skeleton - body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism. HYDROSTATIC SKELETON ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON  3. The Need to Move Muscles – allow movement and locomotion. Three Main Types of Muscle in Human: 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac  4. The Need to Ingest Food Nutrition – food intake and the processes of food conversion Ingestion – intake of food into the body  NUTRITION It is a process by which organisms acquire food. CATEGORY OF ANIMALS BASED ON HOW THEY GET FOOD FOR NUTRITION Suspension Feeders - animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water. CATEGORY OF ANIMALS BASED ON HOW THEY GET FOOD FOR NUTRITION Substrate Feeders - live on/in what they are eating CATEGORY OF ANIMALS BASED ON HOW THEY GET FOOD FOR NUTRITION Fluid Feeders – organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms CATEGORY OF ANIMALS BASED ON HOW THEY GET FOOD FOR NUTRITION Bulk Feeders - eat relatively large pieces of food  5. The Need to Transport Essential Materials Circulatory System – the method of transport wherein animals with thick multiple cell layers need to have advanced transport system to carry substances from one part of the body to another. 6. The Need for a Defense System Immune Response - how your body recognizes and defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and substances that appear foreign and harmful  7. The Need to Respire and Exchange Essential Gases Respiration – how the body gets oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Breathing – and act of taking oxygen into the lungs  8. The Need to Regulate and Maintain Internal Body Processes Nervous System – works by regulating most activities by sending nerve impulses throughout the body.  8. The Need to Regulate and Maintain Internal Body Processes Endocrine System - includes all the glands in your body that make hormones Hormones – any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior 9. The Need to Control and Respond to Environmental Changes Stimuli - a thing or event that evokes a specific functional reaction in an organ or tissue 10. The Need to Eliminate Wastes and Other Harmful Substances Homeostasis - the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes. WHAT IS THE 7TH CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE? 7. Living organisms undergo reproduction and continuing life Reproduction of Animals  Reproduction Reproduction is the biological process by which new “offspring” are produced from their “parents. ” It is a fundamental feature of all known life that each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction.  Reproduction Most importantly, reproduction is necessary for the survival of a species. The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual. Sexual and Asexual Reproduction  Reproduction in Animals Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction ✓ does not involve the fusion of sex cells ✓ involves fusion of two sex cells to form a zygote ✓ requires only one parent ✓ usually requires two parents ✓ offspring known as clones are genetically ✓ offspring show variations and are not the identical to parents exact copy of the parents budding gametogenesis fission mating fragmentation fertilization parthenogenesis  Animal Reproduction Sexual & Asexual Asexual Reproduction Budding – small part of parent’s body grows into new organism Genetically identical clones Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation – parent separates into two or more pieces & each piece forms new organism Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis – growth & development of embryo without fertilization by male Many insects; lizards, salamanders, fish, turkeys  Mating Mating – male & female join together to ensure fertilization; External Fertilization Males & females release sperm & eggs into the environment – sperm & egg join outside the body External Fertilization – e.g. Salmon Internal fertilization Joining of sperm & egg inside the body after mating Ensures selection of mate (not random); promotes diversity Parents protect and care for young Does not require water; can occur on land Less sex cells produced; increases probability of successful reproduction Internal fertilization; external development After fertilization, larvae (embryo) are released & development occurs outside female body Internal fertilization & development Females put large amounts of energy into development of embryo Eggs in “shell” are laid and either abandoned or nurtured in nest Hermaphrodites Organisms that change sex in order to reproduce http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Inver tebrates/Molluscs/Gastropods/Marine- Snails/Crepidulidae/Atlantic-Slipper/Atlantic-Slipper- 1.html Crepidula fornicata – a snail http://www.opalesurfcasting.net/la_faune_aquatique/la_crepidule_-_crepidula_fornicata_article1202.html?var_recherche=+bar  Embryonic Development Oviparous Viviparous Ovoviviparous animals produce eggs, but animals give birth to instead of laying, the eggs animals lay eggs develop within the mother's their young ones body  Embryonic development Oviparous animals These animals hatch from an egg which the mother lays in the environment. The embryo feeds on the nutritive stores contained in the yolk of the egg. Once it has developed, it hatches, which is when the new individual breaks the shell and emerges from the egg. There are two types of eggs: Eggs without a shell: these are found in aquatic animals and must be laid in a wet environment or they will dry up. Eggs with a shell: they are laid on land so they do not dry up. Toads are oviparous: they lay their eggs in the water, as their eggs do not have shells and would dry up on land. Embryonic development Viviparous animals The embryos of these animals develop inside the mother’s uterus. The embryo feeds on nutrients that pass from the mother through the placenta. When the new individual has developed, it comes out of the mother’s body: this is called birth. All mammals, with the exception of monotremes (the platypus and the echidna) and some sharks, are viviparous. Boars are viviparous animals. In most species, it is the female who carries the developing fetus to birth… Internal fertilization, internal development of embryo to fetus, live birth In seahorses, eggs are deposited in the male where they are fertilized and develop. Babies born live. Embryonic development Ovoviviparous animals These animals develop inside an egg, but the mother keeps the egg inside her body until it hatches. The embryo feeds on the food reserves contained in the egg. When the embryos are fully developed, hatching takes place, just as it does in oviparous animals. The young are alive when they come out of the mother. Certain sharks, vipers and some insects are ovoviviparous. Many sharks are ovoviviparous. Internal fertilization & internal development of eggs; followed by live birth Various levels of parental care