Readings in Philippine History & Society PDF

Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT TOPIC OUTLINE a. The Philippines and Its People b. Pre-Hispanic Philippines c. Hispanic Philippines d. Americanization of the Philippines e. Japanese Oc...

Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT TOPIC OUTLINE a. The Philippines and Its People b. Pre-Hispanic Philippines c. Hispanic Philippines d. Americanization of the Philippines e. Japanese Occupation f. Philippine Presidents g. Sociology I. The Philippines and Its People The Philippine Islands o The Philippines is a tropical and archipelagic Southeast Asian country comprising 7,641 islands with around 2,000 islands inhabited. o The Philippines also has oil called “black gold”, its discovery at Malampaya, Palawan has encouraged foreign and Filipino firms to drill wells for oil. o The country lies within the PACIFIC RING OF FIRE and has consequently experienced severe earthquakes. § 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake – 8.0-magnitude earthquake which spawned a tsunami about 9 meters high o The Philippines has an irregular coastline that is twice as long as that of continental United States Common Filipino Traits o Hospitality – the Filipino opens his heart to you, a complete stranger, and offers you the best in his kitchen and bed chamber. o Close family ties – the Filipino family has been the unit of society and everything revolves around it o Pakikisama – “mabuting makisama”, “masamang makisama” The Archipelago’s Names YEAR NAME Early Chinese Ma-I Traders 1521 Ferdinand Islas de San Lazaro Magellan 1543 Ruy Lopez de Filipinas Villalobos 1896 Jose Rizal Pearl of the Orient Seas 1946 – After Republic of the present independence Philippines People of the Philippines HENRY OTLEY BEYER VS. FELIPE LANDA JOCANO Migration Theory Core Population Theory Henry Otley Beyer Felipe Landa Jocano First – Dawnmen The Tabon Man (land bridges) skullcap was Second – Aetas or discovered by Negritos (land Robert Fox and bridges) Manuel Third – Indonesians Santiago in the (boats) Tabon Caves in Fourth – Malays Palawan. (boats) Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT Homo luzonensis o Oldest known ancient human in the archipelago o Excavated by Filipino archaeologist, Armand Mijares in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan o 50,000-67,000 years old II. PRE-HISPANIC PHILIPPINES Government o BARANGAY is the pre-colonial political unit which is composed of 30 to 100 families o There was NO NATIONAL OR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT o TRIAL BY ORDEAL – was resorted to in order to show that Bathala always took the side of the innocent. § Ex. Boiling water ordeal Social Class o DATU CLASS – ruling class o MAHARLIKA – aristocracy o TIMAGUA (pronounced timawa) – common class o ALIPIN – dependent class § Aliping namamahay – householder; has landrights § Aliping saguiguilid – no house of his own; stays in his master’s house Religious Beliefs o Ancient Filipinos believed in the immortality of the soul and life after death o Bathala – creator of the earth o Idiyanale – god of death o Sidapa – rainbow god o Balangaw – a war god o Yawa – general term for demons which came to be adopted for non-Christians III. HISPANIC PHILIPPINES The goals of the Europeans for their expansion can be summarized into GOD, GOLD, GLORY (3Gs) o Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines § Ferdinand Magellan He led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe and he was accompanied by: o Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (FLEET CHAPLAIN) o Antonio Pigafetta (CHRONICLER) o Enrique of Malacca (INTERPRETER) Magellan’s ships: o TRINIDAD – flagship o CONCEPTION o SANTIAGO o SAN ANTONIO o VICTORIA – only ship to return with JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO March 16, 1521 – saw the island of Samar March 31, 1521 – first mass in Limasawa Island, Leyte April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT § Miguel Lopez de Legazpi He concluded blood compact with SIKATUNA, chief of Bohol, then a treaty of friendship with RAJAH TUPAS of Cebu SAN MIGUEL – the first Spanish settlement Later renamed SANTISSIMO DEL NOMBRE DE JESUS (City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) CHECKS TO GUBERNATORIAL POWERS ROYAL AUDIENCIA RESIDENCIA VISITADOR- GENERAL Supreme court Punish Spanish Check the officials who are behavior of high guilty of graft and Spanish officials in corruption the colony Economic Policies o TAXATION - Initially a tribute of 8 reales, replaced in 1884 by personal cedula poll tax based on income for residents 18 years and above o POLO Y SERVICIO - Men aged 16-60 required to work for the government for 40 days o GALLEON TRADE OF MANILA-ACAPULCO - Products shipped from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico o TOBACCO MONOPOLY: started by JOSE BASCO Y. VARGAS Religious Influence o Considered as the greatest legacy of Spain to the Philippines was CATHOLICISM o Missionary orders: § Augustinians § Franciscans § Jesuits § Dominicans § Recollects § Benedictines Education o Education was considered a status symbol, a privilege and not a right. § University of Santo Tomas – oldest university § College of San Ignacio – first college for boys § College of Santa Potenciana – first college for girls Racial Hierarchy § PENINSULARES – full-blooded Spaniards born in Spain. § INSULARES – full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines. § MESTIZO DE ESPANOL – person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian (Filipino) descent. § MESTIZO DE SANGLEY – person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian (Filipino) ancestry. § SANGLEY – full-blooded Chinese § INDIO – full-blooded Austronesian (Filipino). § ILUSTRADOS – middle class Filipinos educated in Europe Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT Early Resistance to Spanish Rule § LAKANDULA AT SULAYMAN - Lavesari’s disregard of Legazpi’s promise that Spain would recognize the patrimonial lands of the kings of Tondo § DIEGO SILANG’S REVOLT - Silang’s resentment of his imprisonment due to his request for the abolition of the hatred tribute in Vigan § GABRIELA SILANG’S REVOLT – “Joan of Arc of the Ilocandia” § BASI REVOLT - Prohibition of the drinking of home-made wine in Piddig, Ilocos Norte, owing to wine monopoly § DAGOHOY’S REVOLT – longest revolt; 85 years § REVOLT OF HERMANO PULE - Persecution of the followers of the Cofradia de San Jose founded by Apolinario dela Cruz. Growth of Filipino Nationalism o CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872 § A rebellion against Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo under the leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid. GOMBURZA – executed in Bagumbayan/Luneta Park by means of § garrote o PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT §a PEACEFUL campaign for reforms geared towards changing the political and social order on the country under the Spanish rule. § La Solidaridad - The organ of Propaganda edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar o LA LIGA FILIPINA § A Socio-civic society of Filipino patriots organized by Rizal when he arrived in Manila from Europe § Unus Instar Omnium – “One Like All” o KKK (KATAASTAASANG KAGALANGGALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN) § a secret society founded on July 7, 1892 by Andres Bonifacio and a handful trusted friends who met in the house of Deodato Arellano. § Andres Bonifacio - Founder of Katipunan, Supremo ng Katipunan § Apolinario Mabini - Brain of the Revolution § Emilio Jacinto – Brain of the Katipunan; Kartilya § Gregoria de Jesus – Lakambini of the Katipunan § Katipunan Membership CATEGORY PASSWORD First Grade Katipun Anak ng Bayan Second Grade Kawal GOMBURZA Third Grade Bayani Rizal § August 19, 1896 – Katipunan betrayed by Teodoro Patino to Fr. Mariano Gil § August 23, 1896 – Cry of Pugad Lawin § December 30, 1896 – Execution of Rizal § March 22, 1897 – Tejeros Convention; Magdalo vs. Magdiwang § May 10, 1897 – Execution of the Bonifacio brothers Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT IV. AMERICANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES May 1, 1898 – George Dewey led the US naval squadron in the Battle of Manila Bay. June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo proclaimed independence; Marcha Nacional Filipina (original anthem title); Jose Palma (lyrics to the anthem); Julian Felipe (tune of the anthem); Marcela Agoncillo (made the national flag) August 13, 1898 – Mock Battle of Manila – Spaniards surrendered to the Americans December 10, 1898 – Treaty of Paris; Spaniards sold the Philippines to the Americans for $20 million December 21, 1898 – William McKinley proclaimed the Benevolent Assimilation policy January 23, 1899 – Inauguration of the Malolos Republic (First Republic) with Emilio Aguinaldo as the first president of the Philippines. February 4, 1899 – Private William Grayson shot a Filipino soldier which caused the beginning of the Philippine-American War March 23, 1901 – Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston with the Macabebe Scouts at Palanan, Isabela Final Revolutionary Generals to Surrender o Miguel Malvar o Simeon Ola o Macario Sakay American Colonial Policies o Military Government § Military Governors Wesley Merritt – first Arthur McArthur - last § The First Philippine Commission (Schurman Commission) Chaired by Dr. Jacob Schurman § The Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission) Chaired by William Howard Taft To establish a civil government o Civil Government § Civil Governors William Howard Taft – first Frank Murphy – last AMERICAN LAWS § Cooper Act - provided the extension of the United States Bill of Rights to the Filipinos and guarantees the establishment of an elective Philippines Assembly Jones Law - independence would be granted to the Filipino people as soon as stable government could be established in the Philippines Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act – independence will be granted to the Philippines after 12 years Tydings-McDuffie - independence will be granted after 10 years. The period was called The Commonwealth Gabaldon Act - establishment of various schools all over the Phil. Act No. 74 by the Taft Commission - establishment of public education system and mandatory teaching of the English language in the Philippines § Filipinization Gradual or general replacement of American officials by Filipinos Cayetano Arellano- first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Gov. Gen. Francis Purton Harrison-Filipinization was fully implemented during his term o Commonwealth Government § Manuel L. Quezon- first president of the Commonwealth § Manuel Roxas- last president of the Commonwealth § Union Obrero Democratica- first labor union in the Philippines Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT established by Isabelo de los Reyes V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION December 7, 1941- The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor Hawaii. December 8, 1941- US declared war on Japan i. United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) - American and Filipino soldiers led by Douglas McArthur. December 26, 1941-McArthur declared Manila as open city April 10, 1942 – Bataan Death March Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines/ 2nd Republic i. Jose P. Laurel – president ii. Kempeitai – Japanese military police Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HUKBALAHAP) - guerilla unit led by Luis Taruc and Castro Alejandrino Battle of the Philippine Sea o March 11, 1942 - Douglas McArthur said to the reporters “I shall return” as he was on his way to Australia o October 20, 1944 - Douglas McArthur returned to the Philippines via Palo Beach in Palo, Leyte. o Battle of Leyte Gulf - greatest naval battle in history o July 4, 1945 - The Philippines was liberated from the Japanese. The Japanese Surrender o August 6, 1945 - bombing of Hiroshima (Little Boy) o August 9, 1945 - bombing of Nagasaki (Fat Man) VI. PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS 1. Emilio Aguinaldo § Started as a member of the Magdalo chapter of the Katipunan § Youngest president at age of 28 2. Manuel L. Quezon § First Filipino president of the Commonwealth under American Rule. § Known as the “Father of the National Language”. 3. Jose P. Laurel § President of the 2nd Republic and known as the “Puppet president”. § Last government position before death: senator 4. Sergio Osmena, Sr. § 2nd Philippine president during the Commonwealth. § “Grand Old Man of Cebu” 5. Manuel Roxas § First president of the third republic § Philippine Trade Act, also known as the Bell Trade Act, provided for the continuation of free trade with the Philippines and the United States from 1946- 1954. § Parity Rights- grant US citizens and corporations the same rights as Filipinos in the utilization and exploitation of Philippine natural resources. Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT 6. Elpidio Quirino § “First President from the Ilocos Region” § Notable for his postwar reconstruction 7. Ramon Magsaysay § Man of the Masses § Campaign jingle – Mambo Magsaysay § Opened the gates of Malacañang Palace to the masses. § Died in a fatal airplane crash at Mt. Manunggal in Cebu 8. Carlos P. Garcia § Known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and “Bard from Bohol.” § “Filipino First” policy- the policy gave priority to Filipinos over foreigners § Austerity Program-involves temperate spending § First president to be interred in the “Libingan ng mga Bayani” 9. Diosdado Macapagal § Issued executive order shifting Philippine Independence Day from the traditional July 4 to June 12 § Harry Stonehill Scandal 10. Ferdinand Marcos Sr. § 1st and only president in the 4th Philippine Republic. § Declared Martial Law in 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081 because of the deteriorating peace and order in the country. § The later part of his regime was popularly known as dictatorship 11. Corazon Aquino § First woman President of the Philippines § Restored democracy § It was during her time the 1987 constitution was framed and ratified 12. Fidel V. Ramos § Known for his Philippines 2000 § Signed peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) 13. Joseph E. Estrada § Known for his “Erap Para sa Mahirap” program, which focuses on alleviating the socio-economic conditions of the poor § Resigned right before he was impeached. Ousted by the EDSA People Power II 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo § 2nd female president § A controversial leader who resisted several military coups. She assumed the presidency after the resignation of Joseph Estrada in 2000 and maintained power for 10 years. § “Hello Garci” scandal 15. Benigno Simeon Aquino III § Won in the first automated election § Initiated the K-12 education policy 16. Rodrigo Duterte § First Mindanaoan President § Digong, oldest president § Battle of Marawi also known as the Marawi was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Lanao del Sur, that started on 23 May 2017 § RA 10963- Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law 17. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. § Flagship “UNITY” § The Maharlika Investment Fund (MIF) is a sovereign wealth fund created by the Philippine government to invest in infrastructure, development projects, and Readings in Philippine History & Society (Days 1-3) Prepared by: Rebekah Louise M. Rosito, LPT other assets to spur economic growth. It is financed through contributions from state-owned institutions and government entities. VII. SOCIOLOGY Sociology - is the scientific study of human societies and social behavior. Attitude Towards Cultural Variation o Ethnocentrism - Refers to the tendency to assume that one's culture and way of life are superior to all others. o Xenocentrism (Colonial Mentality) - The belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one's culture are inferior to those of other cultures. o Cultural Relativism - Refers to the viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. How Culture is Transmitted o Enculturation - The process of learning the culture of one's own group. o Acculturation- The process of learning some new traits from another culture. o Assimilation - Term used for a process in which an individual entirely loses any awareness of his/her previous group identity and takes on the culture and attitude of another group.