Readings in Philippine History PDF

Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A explains that knowledge is derived Chapter 1: The Meaning of History, through conduc...

Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A explains that knowledge is derived Chapter 1: The Meaning of History, through conducting a process of scientific investigation of past events. – Sources of Historical Data, and Aristotle Historical Criticisms Theories Constructed by Historian in Sunday, 15 September 2019 investigating History 1. Factual History Lesson 1: The Meaning of History  present the readers the plain and basic 1. HISTORY- derived from the Greek Word information: 3 W (what, when, where HISTORIA, means “knowledge acquired who), 1H through inquiry/research or investigation or 2. Speculative History learning by inquiry”  goes beyond facts - HISTORIA became known as the account  it concerns about the reason for which of the past of person or of a group of events happened (WHY) and the way people through written documents and they happened (HOW) historical evidences.  Cause and effect of an event. 2. HISTORY Historians- individuals who write history - study of past- described in written Traditional Historian- “no document, no history” documents.  Unless a written document can prove a  Referred usually for accounts of certain historical event, then it cannot phenomena, especially human affairs in be considered as historical facts. chronological order. Historiography- practice of historical writing  Became an important academic  History of history discipline. Its duty is to write lives of  Traditional method of doing historical important individual like monarchs, research that focus on gathering of heroes, saints, and nobilities. documents.  Focused on writing about wars,  Imaginative reconstruction of the past revolutions, and other important from the data derived by the historical breakthroughs. method  It progressed and opened up to the Verisimilitude- historian’s aim possibility of valid historical sources,  The truth, authenticity, plausibility which are not limited to written about a past. documents, like government records, Historical Method chroniclers’ account or personal letters.  process of critically examining and Some are keener on passing their history analyzing the records and survivals of by word of mouth. the past.  “History is the record of what one age Historical Analysis finds worthy of note in another”-  important element of historical Burckhardt method.  “History in its Broadest sense, is  Historians: everything that ever happened” – Henry o Select the subject to investigate Johnson o Collect probable sources of  “The value and interest of history depend information of the subject largely on the degree in which the o Examines the sources present is illuminated by the past” -VS. genuineness, in part of in whole Smith o Extract credible “particulars”/  “Story of man’s struggle through the data or facts from the sources ages against nature and the elements; or part of sources. against wild beasts and the jungle and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and to exploit him for their own benefit” – Jawaharal Nehru  “systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena, taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account” ** this Page | 1 Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A 3. Social Documents a. Information pertaining to economic, social political, or Lesson 2: Sources of Historical Data judicial significance. b. Examples: government reports Historical Data- are sourced from artifacts that have on municipal accounts, civil been left by the past. registry records, etc. Artifacts- can either be relics or remains, or the Non-written/unwritten sources testimonies of witnesses to the past 1. Material Evidence  Can be found where relics of human a. Also known as archeological happenings can be found evidence b. One of the most important Relics or Remains unwritten evidences. c. Includes artistic creation such as :  Offer researchers a clue about the past. pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves,  Examples are: a coin, a ruin, a churches, roads, etc. manuscript, a book, a portrait, a stamp, 2. Oral evidence a piece of wreckage, a strand of hair, or a. Also, an important info for other archeological or anthropological historians, much are told by the remains. tales or sagas of ancient peoples Testimonies of Witnesses and folk songs or popular rituals from the pre-modern period of  Whether oral or written, or may have Philippine History. been created to serve as records, such b. During the present age, interview is as the record of property exchange, another major form of oral speeches, and commentaries evidence Historian deals with: Two General Kinds of Historical Sources  The dynamic or genetics (the becoming) 1. Primary Sources or DIRECT  Static (the being) a. Are originals, first-hand account of  Aims at being interpretative (explaining an event or period usually written why and how things happened and or made during or close to the were interrelated) event or period  Descriptive (telling what happened, b. those sources produced at the same when, where, and who took part) time as the event, period, or subject Written Sources of History being studied c. regarded as the source of best 1. Narrative or literary evidence. – because the data came a. Are chronicles or tracts from the testimony of able eye and presented in narrative form. eye witness to past events. b. Written to impart a message d. Provides direct or firsthand whose motives for their evidence about an event, object, a composition vary widely. person, or a work of art c. Example: newspaper article, e. Examples of Primary or Direct personal narrative: diary, novel sources: Archival documents, or film; bibliography artifacts, memorabilia, letters, 2. Diplomatic or Judicial census, government records, a. Document/record an existing diaries, journals, newspaper. legal situation or create a new f. Different Kind of Primary Sources one, and it is these kinds of i. Literature or Cultural sources that professional sources historians once treated as 1. Novels, plays, poem purest (best source). 2. Television shows, movies, or videos Page | 2 Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A 3. Paintings or Lesson 3: Historical Criticisms photographs 1. Historical Criticism- examines the origins of ii. Accounts that describe earliest text to appreciate the underlying events, people, or ideas circumstances upon which the text came 1. Newspapers be. 2. Chronicles or 2. Goals of Historical Criticism historical accounts a. To discover the original meaning of 3. Essays and the text in its primitive or historical speeches context and its literal sense or 4. Memoirs, diaries, sensus literalis historicus. journals, and letters b. To establish a reconstruction of the 5. Philosophical historical situation of the author treatises or and recipients of the text manifestos 3. AUTHENTICITY- is determined by external iii. Information about people criticism, whereas 1. Census records 4. CREDIBILITY is established by internal 2. Obituaries criticism. 3. Newspaper articles 5. Two Types of Historical Criticisms 4. Biographies and a. External Criticism – determines the autobiographies authenticity of the source. iv. Finding information about i. Refers to genuineness of place the documents a researcher 1. Maps and atlases used in a historical study. 2. Census information ii. Conducts document 3. Statistics analysis using science 4. Photographs iii. The authenticity of the 5. City directories material may be testes in 6. Local libraries or two ways: historical societies 1. By paleography v. Finding Information about (deciphering and an organization dating of historical 1. Archives (held by manuscripts) libraries, 2. Diplomatic institutions, or Criticisms (critical historical societies) analysis of historical 2. Secondary Sources or INDIRECT document to a. Generally, describe, discuss, understand how interpret, comment upon, analyze, the document came evaluate, summarize, and process to be, the primary sources information b. Materials made by people long transmitted. after the events being described b. Internal Criticisms had taken place to provide valuable i. determines the historicity interpretations of historical events of the facts contained in the c. Those sources which were document. It is not produced by an author who used necessary to prove the primary sources to provide authenticity of the material material. or document. d. Examples are: biographies, ii. is textual criticism, it histories, literary criticism, books involves factors such as written by a third party about competence, good faith, historical events, art and theater position, and bias of the reviews author e. Newspaper or journal articles that iii. it looks at the content of interpret the document to determine its authenticity. Page | 3 Readings in Philippine History Emil Aries Layco BSME 2A iv. It involves determining the intention of the source of date 6. Auxiliary science that help in determining authenticity and genuineness of a document a. EPIGRAPHY o The study of inscriptions and the art of deciphering them b. Diplomatics o Science of charters and diplomas and includes knowledge of the practices and of forms used in them c. Paleography o Study of writing, which has a history all of its own d. Philology o In all its branches is of greatest use in determining date and authenticity 7. Greatest influencer upon study of history a. Archeology – scientific study of life and culture of the past, especially ancient peoples, as far as excavations of ancient cities, relics, artifacts, etc.. b. Anthropology- the study of humans, especially of the variety, physical and cultural characteristics, distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of humanity c. Prehistory- is history before recorded history as learned from archeology 8. Chemistry and the papermaker’s art may be able to say and have often said that a given document written on a wood pulp with a particular ink, for example, cannot be older than the definite date when these materials were first manufactured. Page | 4