Readings In Philippine History PDF

LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY LESSON 2: UNDERSTANDING SOURCES History - “If you don't know history, then you know nothing.” - “Historia a Greek word which means learning by Source inquiry...

LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY LESSON 2: UNDERSTANDING SOURCES History - “If you don't know history, then you know nothing.” - “Historia a Greek word which means learning by Source inquiry - “batis” in Filipino - The study of the past based on the written record - refers to the material/source that is used by - Human affairs in a chronological order historians to construct history or meaning - chronological order of events – The knowledge is explained through conducting a process of scientific Types of Sources investigation of past events. 1. Relic - Historians: the individuals who write about history - objects surviving from an earlier time. - Are important objects because of their connection (PHILIPPINES DON’T HAVE RECORDS BECAUSE to a significant person, event, or place in the past – OUR HISTORY IS PASSED TRHOUGH ORAL with historical importance. (Bones, caves carvings TRADITIONS) houses) History is small part of the past. - (Artifacts – objects made or used by humans in the past. Man- made with historical importance) Pantayong Pananaw 2. Testimonies - introduced by Zeus Salazar, a Filipino Historian - Either oral or written - the need to use of our perspective AIMS OF HISTORY Kasaysayan 1. Descriptive – who, what, when, where - saysay ㅡ salaysay (narrative/kwento) and 2. Interpretative – why and ho w relevance/significance WRITTEN SOURCES - “Ang kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay para - narrative and literary (novel, diary, newspaper, sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao biography) HISTORICAL METHOD 1. Narrative or Literacy - the process of critically examining and analyzing the - non written and oral records and survivals of the past 2. Diplomatic Source - uses the paradigm of positivism ㅡ relying on data - law and legal documents (last will, testaments, experience (no evidence, not true) presidential declaration) 3. Social Documents HISTORIOGRAPHY - Records for public use (annual reports, census, - process/practice of historical writing bureaucratic documents) - based on the data gathered - Ways: NONWRITTEN SOURCES 1. Traditional Method: focuses on gathering 1. Material Evidence documents (from library and archives) - Archeological evidence (pottery, engraving in 2. Modern Method: use of research method; caves, bones, relics, artifacts) corporates other methods such as archeology and 2. Oral Evidence geography - oldest type of historical evidence (tales, folktales..) ANACHRONISM TWO TYPES OF SOURCES - Not historically accurate data because of the time 1. Primary it was made. - In 1st POV, - Something that is placed in a historical time where - produced by people who are involved it does not belong - ex. diary and interview, autobiography, photography, witnesses account HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 2. Secondary - uses research method in identifying the credibility - told by people who are not involved, testimony /realness of information of someone that is not directly involved - determining if a presented history is real and - ex. Translation, literature review, biography, accurate RRL, editorial A. Factual History – answers the Who, What, When and Where B. Speculative History- explain the cause and effect of history (answers How and Why things HISTORICAL CRITICISM happen) 1. External Criticism - Examine the authenticity, genuineness, physical LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE characteristics of documents - history ≠ past - what’s outside - Our goal in studying history is verisimilitude ㅡ - e.g. the language used, type of ink, originality attaining the truth, authenticity, and genuineness. 2. Internal Criticism ANTONIO PIGAFETTA - Examine the truthfulness, content or the meaning - Real name: Francisco Antonion Pigafetta/ - what’s inside Antonio Lombardo First Voyage Around the World HISTORICAL CONTENT - by Antonio Pigafetta, translated by James 1. The Rajas involved: Alexander Robertson Raja Culambu of Limasawa Raja Siaui of Butuan CONTENT AND CONTEXT Raja Lapu-Lapu of Mactan Context Raja Humabon of Cebu - facts surrounding historical evidence - study the background or reason of the occurrence 2. The ships involved: of an event A. Trinidad – the main ship commanded by - the time and place, background info, of author Magellan B. San Antonio – abandoned the expedition Content C. Concepcion – was set on fire and scuttled - What is contained in the work D. Victoria – the only one who completed the circumnavigation HISTORICAL CONTEXT E. Santiago – lost in storm\ 1. Period of Discovery and Expansion 3. Important Dates: - 15th century (1400s) A. September 20, 1519 - Territory expansion (rivalry between Spain and Left Spain for the expedition Portugal) B. October 21, 1520 - War – armed conflict Discovery of the Strait of Magellan (entry - Cession – formal transfer to the Pacific) - Discovery of occupation – military control C. March 06, 1521 Landed in Guam 2. Treaty of Tordesillas – Christopher Columbus D. March 16, 1521 - Due to the rivalry of Spain and Portugal the Treaty Arrival in the Philippines, first landed in of Tordesillas is created in June 7, 1494 Zamal (Samar) - An agreement to settle the conflict of the 2, Humunu (Homonhon) – Watering Place of wherein Spain sailed westward and Portugal to the Good Signs east to avoid conflict. E. March 18, 1521 Zulaam - 1st native Filipinos 3. European Huge Attraction to Asia’s Spices F. March 28, 1521 - Spices – medicine, food, etc. Mazava = Limasawa - Spice Islands – Indonesia G. March 31, 1521 - Travelling in land is hard because of some 1st Catholic Mass circumstances – vulnerable to wars, expensive Raja Humabon and his wife Juana were and dangerous baptized in Limasawa - Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal But Butuan disagreed, kasi dun daw contributed to the expedition through sailing sakanila nangyari ang 1st mass ‘di sa the Atlantic and Indian ocean Limasawa H. April 26, 1521 Zula (along with other raja like Humabon) FERDINAND MAGELLAN asked Magellan for help to defeat Lapu- - Real name: Fennao de Magalhaes Lapu - Also known as Magallanes I. April 27, 1521 - Born in 1480 The battle of Mactan took place - Captain of the Spanish Expedition The death of Magellan - Popular voyager in Portugal Juan Sebastian Elcano led the expedition - 1505 – expedition in India after Magellan’s death - 1512 - Morocco J. May 01, 1521 - 1513 – idea of circumnavigating the Earth, which 21 Spaniards were massacred denied by the King of Portugal, Manuel I, not once They started to sail towards the Spice but twice. Islands - So dahil nga nareject, nagtampo siya beh, K. November 08, 1521 pumunta sa kaaway na bansa ng Portugal (which They arrived at the Spice Islands is Spain) at saka prinopose yung same na L. September 06, 1522 proposal then the King agreed. Finally returned to Spain - In 1518, he left Portugal for Spain Victoria, the only ship left - 1519 – he started the voyage to Spice Islands Out of 200, only 18 cameback THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY PHILIPPINES DURING PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD, IN ANTONIO PGAFETTA TERMS OF: Magellan did not tell his co-captions where 1. POLITICS they go. His co-captains don’t like him (of - They have King or Raja course, he is a Portuguese) 2. SOCIETY September 20, 1519-set sail from St. Lucar, - They are divided by class making the course of the southwest otherwise - Kings or people in power have more access on named Labeiche knowledge people are agmammama September 26, 1519 - arrived at an island of - most of the people are hospitable, but there are great Canaria, named Teneriphe; they some who are not remained three days and a half there they set 3. ECONOMICS thence and came to a port named Monterose, - barter, the exchange of goods stay for 2 days 4. GEOGRAPHIC Saturday, March 16, 1521, arrived at Zamal. - there are a lot of kingdoms March 18, 1521, a boat came towards the - an island is equivalent to one kingdom Spaniards with 9 men in it. The leader of the 5. CULTURE boat approached the Spaniards joyously. - Thanksgiving Magellan, gave them foods, and in return they - Friendship presented fish and vessel of palm wine - Marriage (Uraca), They are from Zuluam. - Festivities Humunu, Watering Place of good signs, 1st - Entertainment signs of gold, we name them the archipelago of St. Lazarus March 22, 1521, the people from Zuluam, LESSON 2: THE CUSTOMS OF TAGALOG came back. their leader is Schione. Customs of Tagalog (Relacion de las costumbres Near Humunu, there are ppl who wear holes in de las Tagalog) their ears. they are the Caphre, or Gentiles, - Published on 1589 they are tawny, fat, and painted. - 1500 The Golden Age or the Singlo de Oro of March 25, 1521, The Monday of Passion Spain Spaniards are about to depart but nadulas si - 1565  start of Spanish Coonization; pigafetta  Felipe 11 gave the Las Islas Filipinas March 28, 1521, they met eight men inside a (Philippines) was part of Spanish colony small boat called Boloto. a slave of Magellan - 1571 from Sumatra, named Enrique de Malacca, -  Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, a missionary/ prayle, spoke to them and they understood him, but arrived in the Philippines they went away because they are afraid.  Mania become a city under Spain - 1578  Fray Juan de Placencia arrived in the Magellan shows submissive signs, and they Philippines joyously call their King, and then 2 large boats - 1593  Juan de Plasencia published the Doctrina which they called Ballanghai came near the Christiana (Doctrina Christiana en Lengue Spaniards Espanoia y Tagalog) Magellan begged through the Slave, na hindi raw sila pumarito para makipag-away emerut, 5 orders of Spanish Missionaries 1. Augustinian so nauto naman si King at namangha sa mga 2. Franciscan pakwento ni Magellan this kind of people are 3. Dominican gentle, and go naked, and are painted. 4. Jesuit nagmamama ang mga ferson. They are from 5. Recollatan Mazzava April 7, 1521, we arrived at Zzubu, the Prayles/Missionary  one who nagpakalat ng Spaniards shot arrows which frightened the Christianity sa bansa. Infuencial, they have the authority to collect taxes, politics, infrastructure locals but Enrique de Malacca the interpreter reassured them that it's just a sign of Fray Juan de Placencia: Task in the Southern friendship and peace King of Burné married a Tagalog area with Diego de Oropresa, They met daughter of the King of Zolo, who told him that the local and get familiarize with the customs/ his father had these two big pearls. Which the traditions of Tagalog which make them credible in King of Burné desires to have. writing.  Fray Marcos Lisboa  Pubished the Bicolano – - Himaraw – a payment (gold) given to the mother Spanish Dictionary of the bride - Sambon – a payment for the relatives Juan de Oliver  Write the Tagalog version of - Pamamanhikan – a talk between the families of Ten Commandments the bride and groom - Babaylan (priestess) – the one who officiate the wedding. Doctrina Christiana (Doctrina Christiana en - Culture: pagsasaboy ng bigas sa bagong kasal Lengue Espanoia y Tagalog)  published by Juan - Divorced is allowed but the women must give de Plasencia in 1593 back the dowries and payment to the men. Gobernadorcillo – the mayor, influential Filipinos, 6. Government leading the town but with the restrictions of the - The barangay is lead by the datus with the elders. Prayle - When there’s a conflict within the barangay, it is settled by the datu and elders. CONTENT - When there’s a conflict between barangays, the elders/datus of both barangay settle the conflict or 1. Type of Community can cause war. A. Barangays (30-100 houses): tribal gatherings - LAW: - Datus: the chief of the barangay/leader which has  Datus and Elders: Make laws and a duty to protect the citizen and participate in times punishments of war, make laws and do punishments  Umalohokan : The one who explain and - In a barangay all have equal status and live in deliver the law to the people harmony - When one is guilty of a crime, they can be B. Social Hierarchy punished, put in a death penalty, pay fines, or - Maharlika – Free man/woman; have the duty to participate in a trial of Ordeal accompany the datus to wars and manage the affairs - Trial of Ordeal is a way of proving innocence with in the barangay a trial. - Slaves o Sa Guiguilir: the literal slaves, owned by 7. Religion their masters, slaves that can be sold, - People believe in nagaanitos (anito-spirits) given as a gift, payment - They worship in SIBI, a temporary temple beside o Namamahay: The commoners, have the house of the datu. A place to pay tribute to a personal possessions and materials. More god. like workers, when their job is done, they - They give offerings to avoid offending or can go home. mapagtripan ng mga spirits. - When a Maharlika and a slave is married, their GODS children are divided: - Bathala – all powerful and maker of all things. o Father: 1st, 3rd , 5th - Idinayale – god of agriculture o Mother: 2nd , 4th 6th - Sidapa – god of death - If the father/mother is free, all those who belonged - Balangaw – rainbow god to him were free. If he is a slave, all those who - Mandarangan – war god belonged in were slaves - Agni – fire god - Lalahon – goddess of harvest 2. Status of Women - Siginarugan – god of hell - Women are respected, can inherit properties, and - Diyan Masalanta – goddess of love can be a datu - Women have the right to name their child, and 12 priests of the Devil according to Juan de men walk behind them as a sign of respect Placencia 3. Land 1. Catolonan – priest with a high rank official that - Land is divided to the members of the barangay manage fiestas. alone You can’t use the land of other barangays. 2. Mangagauag – heal people 3. Manyisalat – make remedy couples for them to 4. Marriage separate - Men are monogamous but they can have many 4. Mankokolam - witches wives they want. They have a principal wife and 5. Hacloban- more powerful and have the ability to the other are concubines (which they refer as heal without any medicine friends) 6. Silagan – eats human flesh (cannibal) 7. Magtatangal – hating katawan sa gabi 5. Courtship 8. Osuang- can fly and eat human - Paninilbihan: Proving the sincerity and ability to 9. Mangagayuma – make charms to deceive people the parents of the nililigawan in falling in-love - Dowry – The man will give dowries ( like land, 10. Sonat – the devil that help people die golds, property) to the women’s parent; bigay-kaya 11. Pangatohojan: can predict future (seer) - Pay for Panghihimuyat – A sign of gratitude of 12. Bayoguin – men is a form of women (bakla) the parent of the bride na kanilanag pinalaki.  - Lipang Kalabaw -Jorge Pineda 8. Burial - Graphic Liwayway - Laraw- the ways of burial of the chief.  produced the first ever published formal - If a datu dies, no war, no carrying armor, no comics of the Philippines (e.g. Kengkoy and singing and no loud noise. the Herald) - Pasiyam: 9 nights of burol - Ang Matching at ang Pagong – the first comics - When the chief died, he was placed beneath a little in the philppines written by Jose Rizal house. They will mourn for 4 days, before laiding him a boat, as a slave nagbabantay Concept and Content - If the dead is a victim of murder, the family will 1. Social- Cutural Concerns: involves the changing continue to mourn until they find justice or got morals of the youth. revenge. ▪ Kengkoy: the illustration of Filipinos that has been pressured by American standards == to conclude, our ancestors already established their 2. Manila: Discomforts and Decadence: e.g. floods own society, they already have arts, beliefs, cultures, 3. Political and Economic Sentiments: e.g. laws and civilization even before the Spanish Corruption colonization had begub. LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE CARTOONS: POLITICAL CARICATURE OF THE AMERICAN ERA Author: Alfred McCoy Contributor/Book Designer : Alfredo Roces 16th Century - Cartoon came from the “Cartone’ meaning the preliminary layout for a mural - Caricature came from the “Caricatura”. ▪ These are exaggerated illustrations, and the prominent features are emphasized to the extent that individuals appear comic or absurd ▪ use in order to make entertainment, and a more effective way to convert a message 19th Century - the rebirth of Cartoons - British Weekly “Punch’ – graphic satires or funny pictures - Cartoons is not just in a wall anymore - It involved into animation Today - Includes al types of comics and film animation Cartoons - Are called the slangs of graphic art - They tend to rely for their impact on spontaneity, playfulness, popular imagery and often deliberate vulgarity How do we use cartoons in politics? - Printing press: start of machineries in publishing printed media; the mass production of materials. Wherein political cartoon emerged - It become effective, and - Political Satire: indirectly convey their message POITICAL CARTOONS: Publication during the American Era El Renacimiento (ilustrado) - Fernando Amorsolo  the first national artist of the Phiippines - Philippine Free Press  Jose Pereira and E.Z. Izon