Rad Patho Prelims (1).pdf

Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE ○ Allergic Diseases - are an overreaction of the body’s own...

Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE ○ Allergic Diseases - are an overreaction of the body’s own W1: Intro to Rad Patho defenses Radiologic Pathology Length of Time Acute A. DISEASE ○ Diseases usually have a quick a. Lack of ease onset and last for a short period b. Abnormal disturbance in the of time function and structure of the Chronic human ○ Diseases may manifest slowly c. Result of injury or trauma and last for a very long time D. PATHOGENESIS A MAIN TOPIC Study of origin and development of a disease B. PATHOLOGY Will lead to observable changes that are Study of disease known as manifestations Came from greek word pathos meaning suffering E. MORPHOLOGY Sources for pathology Structures of cells or tissue ○ Hereditary or congenital Hereditary - genetically F. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE transmitted Caused by deterioration of the body Dominant- both parents G. DEHYDRATION Recessive - one Most common disturbance of fluid parent balance Congenital - possibly acquired in the uterus H. PROLIFERATION ○ Tumors Cell division ○ Iatrogenic Iatrogenic I. DIAGNOSIS ○ Adverse condition that results Identification of disease an individual is from medical treatment believed to have infections ○ Nosocomial Infection - acquired J. PROGNOSIS from healthcare environment Predicted course and outcome of the ○ Virulence - ease which an disease organism can overcome body defenses K. SIGNS Manifestation that is observable by the C. INFLAMMATORY health care worker Results from the body’s reaction to a Vital sign localized injurious agent infections ○ Infective - invasion by L. SYMPTOMS microorganisms such as viruses, Patients perception of what is wrong and bacteria or fungi. is subjective ○ Toxic - Poisoning PAGE 1 NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE Result of a healing wound that is located M. SYNDROME on the skin or a mucous membrane Group of signs and symptoms, characterize an abnormal disturbance CELLULITIS ○ Marfan’s Syndrome Acute bacterial infection on the skin ○ Genetic disorder of connective Can be found anywhere in the body but tissue is more often seen in areas where the ○ Characterized by a predisposition skin can be damaged and this allow a to cardiac disorders, long limbs, portal of entry of a bacteria long fingers, and a tall stature ○ A by product of a bacterial reproduction within the tissue is N. ETIOLOGY the excretion of methane Study of the cause and origin of a disease EDEMA O. IDIOPATHIC Abnormal accumulation of fluid in body Refers to the fact that there may be no cavities or intercellular spaces real cause for the disease ○ The increase in fluid can be localized within a structure or INFLAMMATION dispersed throughout the body Body’s ability to wall-off and sequester an ○ Ascites - Edema of peritoneal injurious agent cavity ○ Hyperemia - process of dilating ○ Generalized edema can be capillaries to allow fluids and caused by congestive heart failure leukocytes to infiltrate the B MAIN TOPIC #2 infected area ○ Leucocytes will act to remove cellular debris through a process ABNORMAL FLUIDS known as Phagocytosis TRANSUDATES Abnormal, extracellular Clear Cardinal Signs of Inflammation fluid consists of water that color ○ Rubor - redness contains low cell count ○ Dolor - pain ○ Calor - heat EXUDATES Fluid filters from the With ○ Decrease in function circulatory system into color lesions Contains water, pus or A2 INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS blood ABSCESS Causes the injurious agent to become a walled-off ball of pus ISCHEMIA ○ Antibiotics cannot penetrate an Refers to an obstruction of the normal abscess since they do not contain blood flow to an organ or structure a blood supply like neoplasm Results from either narrowing of blood ○ Abscess must be aspirated with a vessels from plaque formation or as the needle and drained result of a thrombic occlusion ULCERS INFARCT PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 2  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE Loss of blood supply to an organ or - Inability of an organ or structure to form structure will cause the surrounding properly tissue to become necrotic - Defective development of an organ can Caused by Infarct or may result in an result in the partial or complete loss of an infarct organ ○ Myocardial Infarction ○ Pulmonary Embolus ATROPHY ○ Cerebrovascular Accident - Decrease in size of the cells within an ○ Hernia organ or structure ○ Volvulus - List of common cause of Atrophy 1. Lack of physical activity 2. Poor nourishment B2 HEMORRHAGE 3. Nerve damage - Or bleeding is simply the loss of 4. Poor circulation blood from the circulatory system HYPERTROPHY - Opposite of atrophy List of Examples of Hemorrhage - Abnormal increase in cell size 1. Hematoma - Also referred as hyperplasia or a. Occurs as result of a break in hypergenesis blood vessel that causes a pooling of blood below the surface of the HYPERPLASIA skin, organ or tissue - Increase in number of cells in a tissue as 2. Ecchymosis a result of excessive proliferation a. Bruise or contusion b. Capillaries below the skin are METAPLASIA damaged usually as the result of - Conversion of one cell type into another some type of trauma cell type that is not normal for that tissue 3. Purpura a. Red or purple spots on the body DYSPLASIA that are caused by hemorrhage - Abnormal changes of mature cell b. Result of some type of platelet or coagulation disorder ANAPLASIA 4. Petechia - Backward differentiation of structure a. Type of purpura that consists of a very small red or purple spots on PROSOPLASIA the body - Forward differentiation of structure b. 2 mm A. NEOPLASM a. Abnormal proliferation of foreign cells that form a mass of tissue within an organ or structure b. Neoplasm will compete for nutrients from the cells that normally comprise the host organ and it is often referred to as mass or tumor c. Oncology - study of neoplasms APLASIA d. Benign neoplasm PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 3  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE i. Self limited and not spread 4. LYMPHOMA or seed to distant sites a. This type of cancer originates in within the host organism lymphatic tissues and affects the e. Malignant neoplasm production of lymphocytes i. Possess the ability to b. 2 Major Categories spread to distant sites in i. Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma the body (NHL) ii. This tumor will seed by ii. Hodgkin’s employing either the Lymphoma/Disease lymphatic system (primary method) or using circulatory system B1 NON HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA (NHL) (hematogenous spread) f. Cachexia - Most common type of lymphoma is i. If left untreated or found in the spleen, liver, bone marrow. undetected malignant Lymph nodes, and GI tract neoplasms will result in - Diverse group of diseases that can cachexia develop in any organ that is associated ii. Characterized by fatigue, with the lymphatic system and has an atrophy, weakness, and unknown etiology anorexia iii. Often seen as an end-stage cancer B1 HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA (NHL) B3 Four Major Cancer Categories - This type of cancer is also associated with lymphatic tissue and it was first described by thomas hodgkin in 1832 1. CARCINOMA/ADENOCARCINOMA - This cancer is characterized by the lymph a. This type of cancer will arise from nodes becoming swollen and rubbery epithelial cells or tissues such as yet they remain pain free the breast, colon, or pancreas - Diagnosed via lymph node biopsy and 2. SARCOMA finding the presence of reed-sternberg a. Relatively rare but highly cells malignant - Has no unknown etiology b. This cancer of soft tissue or - 3 primary methods of treating connective tissue such as bone, malignancies are as follows cartilage, muscle and fat 1. Surgery 3. LEUKEMIA 2. Chemotherapy a. Cancer of the blood and blood 3. Radiation Therapy forming tissues - Some instances, combination of these b. Acute Leukemia treatments may be indicated i. Abnormal proliferation of Immature blood cells that CURATIVE do not possess the ability - Can be cured to fight infection c. Chronic Leukemia PALLIATIVE i. Abnormal proliferation of - Cannot be cured Mature blood cells that do not possess the ability to HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD fight infection PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 4  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE e. In severe cases, multiple fractures - May spread via blood vessels can form while fetus is in the womb LYMPHATIC SPREAD i. Many infants are still born - Spread via lymphatic system or die shortly after birth 5. Osteopetrosis a. Increase in bone mass b. “Marble bone” W1: Skeletal System Pathology c. Results from a disorder of endochondral ossification and is 1. Butterfly Vertebra the opposite of osteoporosis a. No clinical significance d. Patients possess bone that are very hard and dense 2. Cervical Rib e. Their bones tend to be more a. Supernumerary or extra rib that brittle than normal is attached to C7 f. It can be fatal at birth or b. Poorly developed or rudimentary asymptomatic into adulthood rib, present in approximately g. No definitive treatment 0.05% of the population c. Usually unilateral but some cases 6. OSTEOPOROSIS can be bilateral a. Reduction in bone mass makes d. Cervical rib may compress the patients susceptible to fracture brachial nerve plexus or the b. The underlying mechanism in all subclavian artery, thus require cases is an imbalance between surgical removal the body’s normal process of bone destruction followed by 3. Osgood-Schlatter Disease bone growth a. One of the most common causes c. Primary causes are aging and of knee pain in young athletes postmenopausal hormone b. Mainly affects boy ages 10-16 d. Other causes include steroid use, c. Condition where the tibial osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple tuberosity becomes inflamed myeloma and inactivity following exercise e. Patients are prone to hip d. Treatment = rest fractures, compression fractures of the vertebral bodies, and 4. Osteogenesis Imperfecta colles’ Fractures of the wrist a. “Brittle bone disease” f. Method to diagnose this b. Relatively rare congenital bone condition is the use of Dual disorder that is characterized by energy x-ray absorptiometry bones that easily break (DEXA) scan c. People with OI are born with i. Dexa scan provides a non insufficient amounts of protein invasive means to measure called Type I Collagen, plays bone mineral density BMD important role in bone formation d. This collagen deficiency will result in Osteopenia which is a decrease in the number of osteocytes PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 5  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE 7. OSTEOMALACIA e. Crippling deformity, begins in the a. Softening of bones that results extremities and progresses from insufficient mineralization toward the trunk b. May cause a bowing of bones or f. RA can relapse but may still have lead to greenstick fractures intermittent flair ups c. Decrease in absorption of either g. Affects women three times vitamin d or calcium more often than men d. Can also be manifested in h. Signs and symptoms include children who ingest an morning stiffness, pain, and ulnar insufficient amount of vitamin D deviation of the fingers or who are not exposed enough i. Treatment includes steroids to to sunlight reduce the inflammation and analgesics (aspirin) for pain 8. OSTEOMYELITIS a. Bacterial Bone infection 10. ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS b. Bone-in-bone formation a. “Bamboo spine disease” c. Causes bone destruction and b. A chronic degenerative arthritis abscess formation that usually begins in the d. Characteristic is the formation of sacroiliac (SI) joints and spreads a brodie’s abscess to the spine e. Typically found in the tibia c. Characterized by osteoporosis and i. Indication of osteomyelitis fusion of the SI joints and f. Characteristic is a sequestrum vertebral bodies formation d. Treatment = steroids g. This is an avascular “island” of i. Reduce the inflammation bone that forms within an and analgesics for pain abscess e. PANACEA - cure h. Can be acute or chronic f. 10,000 male patients were treated i. Usually treated with prolonged with doses ranging from 1 to 40 antibiotic therapy GY in great britain g. High doses provide relief but 9. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS often lead to leukemia formation a. Type of arthritis involve joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments 11. GOUT and blood vessels a. Richman’s disease or metabolic b. Autoimmune disease arthritis c. Begins as a chronic inflammation b. Increase in uric acid production of synovial membranes that line c. Disorder of purine metabolism joints that results in an increase in uric d. Thickened tissue/pannus forms acid production as a result of the inflammation i. Excess uric acid is and this causes erosion of the deposited in the blood, articular cartilage kidneys, and joints i. Fibrous scarring occurs d. Joints deposits form as crystals followed by ankylosis or that cause a very painful freezing of the affected inflammatory reaction joint e. Gout is primarily manifested in the feet (great toe) but can also PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 6  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE affect areas such as the hands 15. SPONDYLOSIS and knees a. General degeneration of the 12. OSTEOARTHRITIS spine a. Most common degenerative joint disease 16. SPONDYLOLISTHESIS b. Characterized by natural loss of a. Characterized by the forward joint cartilage that is related but movement (subluxation) of one not caused by aging vertebral body on the one below it c. Body replaces this loss of cartilage b. Causes the vertebral canal to with the formation of new bone narrow and thus impinge on the in the form of spurs nerve roots i. These bone spurs cause c. Has four grades the painful inflammation d. Treatment - back support/braces that is associated with this and surgery condition d. Can affect most joints in the 17. SPONDYLITIS body including the hands, wrists, a. Inflammation that causes hips and spine. arthritis e. Signs and symptoms include joint stiffness and pain that increases 18. OSTEOPOIKILOSIS with activity a. Osteosclerotic bone dysplasia f. Also affected by weather and (hardening) which means obesity spotted bones g. Treatment - steroids to reduce b. Produces many small radiopaque inflammation, analgesics for pain densities that are sometimes and joint replacement surgery referred to as bone islands c. Has unknown etiology and 13. PAGET’S DISEASE usually asymptomatic a. Osteitis Deformans b. Abnormal cycle or process of 19. BONE CYSTS bone destruction followed by a. Common, benign, expansile, excessive bone growth and radiolucent lesions that are thickening filled with fluid c. Commonly seen in the pelvis, b. More prevalent in males than lumbar spine and skull females d. Signs and symptoms c. Have unknown etiology i. Bone pain, deformity, d. Depending on their location, they arthritis and fractures may cause pain or even a pathologic fracture, otherwise 14. SPONDYLOLYSIS they have no significance a. Cleft between the superior and inferior articulating process at the 20. BONE TUMORS pars interarticularis a. 2 general categories of bone b. Usually bilateral and the net result tumors is a loss of the neural arch i. OSTEOLYTIC continuity 1. Result in decrease c. Commonly found 90% of the in bone density an time between L5 and S1 have a lucent PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 7  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE radiographic i. Plasma cells are immune appearance system cells that are 2. Cause bone found in the bone marrow destruction and and produce antibodies result in a decrease c. Cardinal signs of multiple in calcium myeloma deposits i. Possess multicentric or punched out osteolytic ii. OSTEOBLASTIC lesions 1. An increase in ii. Bence-jones proteins are bone density and found in the urine. Possess have an opaque marked osteoporosis with radiographic compression fractures of appearance the vertebral bodies 2. Cause excessive d. Treatment - suppression and bone growth and containment result in an e. Remission can be induced with increase in the use chemotherapy, stem cell calcium deposits treatment and steroids 21. ENCHONDROMA 24. OSTEOSARCOMA a. Cartilaginous benign bone a. Second most common type of lesion, found in bone marrow malignant bone tumor b. Most commonly found in young b. Osteoblastic lesion, may extend adults into the surrounding soft tissue c. Most often located in the bones structures of the hands, feet,and ribs c. Found in ages 10 to 25 and 50% d. They present with a radiolucent, of all cases occur around the “cystic” appearance with knee calcium deposits d. Commonly metastasize to the lungs and they have a very poor 22. OSTEOCHONDROMA prognosis a. Or exostosis consists of a benign projection of bone that has a 25. CHONDROSARCOMA cartilaginous cap a. Expansile, osteolytic, primary b. Generally found in the metaphysis bone tumor of long bones, the ribs, and the b. Represent approximately 10% of pelvis all malignant skeletal cancers c. Often produce a mushroom or cauliflower radiographic 26. FIBROSARCOMA appearance and sometimes a. Osteolytic, Malignant cancer of referred to as a bone spur skeletal system b. Has a moth eaten radiographic 23. MULTIPLE MYELOMA appearance a. Most common type of primary, c. Primary cancer of the skeletal malignant bone tumor system, often affects the knee b. Increase in plasma cells within rbc and pelvis producing bones PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 8  Rad Patho/ Prelims COURSE CODE SEMESTER – PROFESSOR – CLASS SCHEDULE Open fracture A1 SECONDARY BONE CANCER ○ Fracture in which there is an open - Most common type of bone wound or break in the skin near malignancy the site of the broken bone - Cancers originating from the prostate gland, breast, thyroid Transverse Fracture gland, colon, and kidneys often ○ Run horizontally perpendicular metastasize to the skeletal to your bone system - Cancers often seed into the long bones, ribs, and spine - Can posser either an osteolytic or osteoblastic radiographic appearance A. FRACTURES a. Break in the structures of bone Colle’s fracture ○ Transverse fracture of distal radius with posterior displacement Smith’s fracture ○ Transverse fracture of distal radius with anterior displacement Bennett’s Fracture ○ Fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone Boxer’s fracture ○ Transverse fracture of the fifth metacarpal bone Barton’s fracture ○ When you break part of wrist and knock another part out of place Greenstick fracture ○ Type of broken bone that happens when a bone bends enough to crack on one side without snapping into multiple pieces Comminuted fracture ○ Bone that is broken in at least two places PAGE NAME OF OWNER – YEAR AND SECTION – CONTACT INFORMATION 9