Radiographic Pathology PDF

RADIOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY PATHOLOGY The study of disease and how it impacts the human body. Came from the Greek word "pathos" meaning disease or suffering and "logia/logos" is 'study'. Divisions: GENERAL PATHOLOGY study of basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli causing dis...

RADIOGRAPHIC PATHOLOGY PATHOLOGY The study of disease and how it impacts the human body. Came from the Greek word "pathos" meaning disease or suffering and "logia/logos" is 'study'. Divisions: GENERAL PATHOLOGY study of basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli causing disease. SYSTEMIC/SPECIALIZED PATHOLOGY study of specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to stimuli. RUDOLPH VIRCHOW Father of Modern Pathology disease Disease is a term that literally refers to a lack of “ease.” It is a condition that is marked by an abnormal disturbance in the function and or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury or trauma. aspects of disease process ETIOLOGY Cause of disease PATHOGENESIS mechanism of disease development sequence of events producing cellular changes leads to observable changes that are known as manifestations MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES structural alterations induced by the disease in cells/tissues/organ of the body. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE functional consequences of the morphologic changes; changes due to a disease process manifestations Symptom This pertains to the patient’s perception of what is wrong and is subjective. An example would be a headache. Sign This is a manifestation that is observable by the health care worker. Examples would be swelling or a skin rash. Syndrome This is a group of signs and symptoms that characterize an abnormal disturbance. An example would be Irritable Bowel Syndrome. ASYMPTOMATIC Disease processes that do not produce symptoms ETIOLOGY Cause of disease NOSOCOMIAL Infections developed in the hospital. COMMUNITY ACQUIRED Infections developed in the community. IATROGENIC Caused by physicians and their treatment of the disease. IDIOPATHIC Diseases with no real cause or etiology; unknown cause ACUTE ILLNESS generally develop suddenly and last a short time, often only a few days or weeks. CHRONIC ILLNESS generally develop slowly and may worsen over an extended period of time—months to years. SEQUELAE lasting effect following an illness (best example is stroke) DIAGNOSIS identification of a disease PROGNOSIS the predicted course and outcome of a disease TYPES of disease IN RADIOLOGY DESTRUCTIVE disease that causes body tissues to thin, decrease in atomic number, or decrease in density, requiring a decrease in technical factors to achieve proper image receptor exposure ADDITIVE disease that causes body tissues to thicken, increase in atomic number, or increase in density, requiring an increase in technical factors to achieve proper image receptor exposure EPIDEMIOLOGY investigation of disease in large groups PREVALENCE It refers to the total number of cases found in a given population INCIDENCE It refers to the number of new cases found in a given period ENDEMIC High relevance of a disease in an are where causative organism is commonly found EPIDEMIC A sudden, widespread occurrence of a disease PANDEMIC High prevalence of a disease over a large area MORTALITY RATE average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population MORBIDITY RATE incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES (ICD) a globally used medical classification used in epidemiology, health management and for clinical purposes. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003 GENOME The complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism. TYPES of gene maps PHYSICAL MAP used to determine the physical location of a particular gene on a specific chromosome GENETIC MAP used to assign the distance between the genetic markers, that is, mapping or linking DNA fragments, to a specific chromosome ALTERED CELLULAR BIOLOGY nucleus APLASIA This is the inability of an organ or structure to form properly. normal cell ATROPHY Atrophy is the decrease in size of the cells within an organ or structure. HYPERTROPHY This is the opposite of atrophy in that there is an abnormal increase in cell size. This condition is also sometimes referred to as hyperplasia or hypergenesis. HYPERPLASIA This is the inability of an organ or structure to form properly. METAPLASIA conversion of one cell type into another cell type that is not normal for that tissue DYSPLASIA abnormal changes of mature cells. DISEASE CLASSIFICATIONS CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY INFLAMMATORY DEGENERATIVE METABOLIC TRAUMATIC NEOPLASTIC Congenital and Hereditary Disease CONGENITAL Diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors HEREDITARY caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to a child through abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes and are derived from ancestors DOMINANT transmitted by a single gene from either parent RECESSIVE transmitted by both parents to an offspring  Inflammatory Disease results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE the result of the immune system accidentally attacking your body instead of protecting it inflammation Refers to the body’s ability to wall-off and sequester an injurious agent. The ultimate goal of this process is the safe removal of said injurious agents. cardinal signs of inflammation Rubor (redness) Calor (increased heat) Tumor (swelling) Dolor (pain) Functio Laesa (loss of function) INFECTION an inflammatory proces caused by a disease-causing organism VIRULENCE to the ease with which an organism can overcome body defenses INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS ABSCESS This type of inflammatory reaction causes the injurious agent to become a walled-off ball of pus. ULCERS This is another type of inflammatory reaction that is the result of a healing wound that is located on the skin or a mucous membrane CELLULITIS This is an acute bacterial infection of the skin and is a third example of an inflammatory reaction. EDEMA This is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities or intercellular spaces. The increase in fluid can be localized within a structure or dispersed throughout the body. a. Localized edema (e.g. ascites) b. Generalized edema (caused by CHF) Degenerative Disease caused by deterioration of the body. a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs changes for the worse over time Metabolic Disease caused by a disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body traumatic Disease diseases may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the human body Neoplastic Disease results in new, abnormal tissue growth neoplasm This is the abnormal proliferation of foreign cells that form a mass of tissue within an organ or structure. A neoplasm will compete for nutrients from the cells that normally comprise the host organ and it is often referred to as a mass or tumor. 4 MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CANCER CARCINOMA arises from epithelial cells (ex. breast, colon, or pancreas cancers) SARCOMA arises from connective tissue (ex. bone, cartilage, muscle and fat cancers) LEUKEMIA arises from blood and blood forming tissues (ex. Acute and Chtronic Leukemia) LYMPHOMA originates in lymphatic tissues (ex. Non Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL), Hodgkin's Lymphoma/Disease) ABNORMAL FLUIDS TRANSUDATES This abnormal, extracellular fluid essentially consists of water that contains a low cell count. As a result, they are usually clear. A good example would be a pleural effusion. EXUDATES This fluid filters from the circulatory system into lesions and generally contains water, pus, and/or blood. Since exudates contain infected fluid (pus/bacteria), they are therefore not clear. ISCHEMIA This term refers to an obstruction of the normal blood flow to an organ or structure. It usually results from either a narrowing of blood vessels from plaque formation (fatty cholesterol deposits) or as the result of a thrombic occlusion. infarct Loss of blood supply to an organ or structure will cause the surrounding tissue to become necrotic. HEMORRHAGE or bleeding is simply the loss of blood from the circulatory system. EXAMPLES: HEMATOMA This occurs as the result of a break in a blood vessel that causes a pooling of blood below the surface of the skin, organ, or structure. ECCHYMOSIS This is a type of hematoma that is commonly referred to as a bruise or contusion. Capillaries below the skin are damaged usually as the result of some type of trauma. PURPURA These are red or purple spots on the body that are caused by a hemorrhage. They are often the result of some type of platelet or coagulation disorder. PETECHIAE This is a type of purpura that consists of very small red or purple spot on the body.