Q2 General Biology 2 Reviewer PDF

general biology 2 2. circulatory system 2nd quarter reviewer different colors of blood 1. human body systems (the summary!) red...

general biology 2 2. circulatory system 2nd quarter reviewer different colors of blood 1. human body systems (the summary!) red humans, majority of vertebrates integumentary presence of hemoglobin protects body, transfers heat blue (thermoregulation), and responsible for spiders, crustaceans, some mollusk, sensory reception octopuses, squids skin and nails bcoz of hemocyanin muscular green allows movement some segmented worms, some skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles leeches, some marine worms skeletal chlorocruorin provides structure and support and violet creates new blood cells thru the bone marine worms like peanut worms and marrow branchiopods bones and cartilages hemerythrin digestive breaks down molecules and absorbs circulatory system nutrients keeps body working by delivering stomach, large and small intestine oxygen and removing waste (CO2) from liver is also included as it serves multiple cells functions for multiple systems circulation and transport of materials to in this case, it produces bile cells excretory blue = removing (deoxygenated) filters wastes from blood and rids it via red = delivering (oxygenated) urethra kidneys, urethra, bladder parts respiratory heart ventilation system divided into four chambers takes oxygen and releases carbon upper parts are left atrium & right dioxide atrium, lower parts are right ventricle & lungs, diaphragm, trachea left ventricle circulatory has four valves which prevents back transports substances throughout body flow of blood: “circulates” oxygen, heat, water, wastes tricuspid - lets blood fill right atrium heart, arteries, veins before entering right ventricle lymphatic bicuspid (mitral) - lets blood fill left network of tissues and organs that help atrium before entering left ventricle rid toxins and wastes right semi-lunar (pulmonary) - lets the immune system right ventricle fill before releasing to lymph nodes (kulani) pulmonary artery nervous left semi-lunar (aortic) - lets left control system ventricle fill before releasing to aorta stimulates heart rate and controls blood septum - divides heart in half oxygen levels endocrine circulates hormones to control body functions and maintains homeostasis pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, hypothalamus reproductive male produces androgens such as testosterone to promote spermatogenesis testes/testicles female produces gametes, regulates sex hormone, and maintains fertilized eggs ovaries  has a biconcave shape and its lifespan is only 120 days 44% of blood WBC aka leukocytes helps fight disease and infection made in lymph nodes and only lasts in less than 24 hours 1% of blood (with platelets) platelets helps blood to clot and prevent excess bleeding 1% of blood (with WBC) hemophilia is a condition wherein a person has less platelets, leading to blood not clotting plasma water portion of blood has three kinds of blood vessels: 55% of blood arteries - carries blood Away from heart four types of blood bleh bleh bleh aorta - largest blood vessel pulmonary artery - carries blood type a that contains carbon dioxide from 34% of the world’s population heart to lungs accepts type a and o blood veins - carries blood Vack to heart has anti-b antibodies and a antigens inferior vena cava - blood enters type b the heart (lower) 16% of the population superior vena cava - heart pumps accepts b and o blood blood, blood enters heart (upper) has anti-a antibody and b antigens pulmonary vein - carries oxygen- type ab containing blood from lungs to 5% heart accepts ab, o, a, and b capillaries - delivers low-oxygen has a & b antigens and has no antibody, blood to veins and are the smallest meaning it can accept every blood heart -> arteries -> capillaries -> veins type (universal recipient) -> heart type o how blood moves 45% accepts type o only has anti-a and anti-b antibody but no antigens, meaning it can donate to every blood type (universal donor) Rh/Rhesus factor type of iron found in blood rh positives can accept both + and -, while rh negatives can only accept - most rare type of blood is the O Rh null vena cavas, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral/bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta parts of vampires’ sophisticated yummy scrumptious saliva-inducing food (blood) four filters of the blood include the liver, RBC aka erythrocytes kidneys, lymph nodes, and spleen (cemetery made in bone marrow for dead RBC (rip)) carries oxygen and food and rids CO2 na waste 3. digestive system esophagus 20 cm longs digestion - breaking down food to secrete mucus, moves food from throat molecules that is to be absorbed thru to stomach using peristalsis intestinal wall if acid from stomach is here, that’s absorption - moving nutrients from GI heartburn ! tract to bloodstream transport - moving absorbed nutrients through body elimination - excretion of undigested and unabsorbed food ingestion -> movement -> mechanical/ chemical digestion -> absorption -> elimination sphincters lower esophageal sphincter relaxes after types of digestion swallowing to allow bolus to enter mechanical stomach chewing, tearing, grinding, mashing, contracts to prevent stomach acid from and mixing food in teeth and tongue returning to esophagus chemical enzymatic reactions to improve digestion of carbs, proteins, lipids saliva which has amylase (breaks down starch) enzymes - primary facilitators gastrointestinal (GI) tract tube within a tube (inception probs) stomach direct link between organs j-shaped muscular bag that stores and breaks down food mixes food with digestive juices that breaks down proteins and lipids hydrochloric acid in stomach kills bacteria food in a pasty mixture is called chyme 23-foot long muscular tube extends from mouth through the esophagus (kween yasmin mentioned), stomach, and small/large intestines to the anus has sphincters that allow food to pass saliva - dissolves food with amylase (breaks down carbohydrates) aka mastication small intestine mouth 7 meters long teeth mechanically digest food has three parts: duodenum (upper), tongue mixes food with saliva (aka jejunum (middle), ileum (lower) bolus) linings of intestine has finger-like epiglottis projections called villi to increase surface flap-like structure the prevents bolus to area enter trachea (the airways) villi have microvilli which further located in the pharynx increase surface area takes 3-10 hours for food to traverse nutrients pass to bloodstream through small intestine walls absorbs 80% ingested water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids also secretes digestive enzymes  gallbladder stores bile from liver (via hepatic duct) and releases it to small intestine (via bile duct) fatty diet = gallstones large intestine ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colin 1.5 meters long accepts unabsorbed food pancreas site of unabsorbed water, sodium, in exocrine, it produces digestive potassium, and chloride absorption enzymes to digest fats, carbs, proteins bacteria produces vitamin K, thiamin, in endocrine, it releases insulin to riboflavin, biotin, and vitamin B12 maintain blood sugar only biotin and vitamin K can be absorbed 1 liter of fluid is gradually reduced to 200 grams of brown fecal material brown is due to unabsorbed iron mixed with yellowish-orange substance called bilirubin digests bacteria (ferment carbohydrates), absorbs more water, and concentrates wastes 4. respiratory system why they are needed takes in oxygen (gas needed by cells) removes carbon dioxide (gas that is the waste product of cells) consists of lungs and air passages we have four to six minutes of oxygen supply in our body accessory structures must work not part of food’s path, but play a critical continuously or role in digestion death will occur liver (rest in pieces) affects digestion by producing bile (digests fat) nose filters toxins and waste, including nostrils (nares) - 2 openings where air drugs, alcohol, and poison enters first organ to receive absorbed nasal septum - wall of cartilage nutrients separating nose into 2 hollow spaces essential in carbohydrate metabolism and produces proteins  nasal cavities pharynx two hollow spaces lined with mucous aka throat (deep meaning…) membranes, which produces mucous located behind nasal cavities to trap pathogens sections has rich blood supply nasopharynx (upper) - contains air is warmed, filtered, and moistened pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids as it enters (boogers) (lymphatic tissue) and eustachian cilia tube openings from ear tiny hair-like structures in nasal cavity oropharynx (middle) - receives air traps dirt and pathogens from nasopharynx and food/air from trapped particles are pushed mouth toward esophagus and laryngopharynx (bottomesa) - SWALLOWED (hmmm…. what kind branches into trachea (air to/from of particles…) lungs) and esophagus (food to stomach) olfactory receptors located IN the nasal cavity sense of smell larynx the voice box lies between pharynx and trachea has cartilage called adam’s apple when larynx grows larger during puberty both have this but girl’s larynx does not grow as much as a boy’s lacrimal ducts drains tears from eyes to nose provides additional moisture contain 2 folds called vocal cords sinuses glottis - opening between vocal cavities in skull cords; as air leaves lungs, vocal cords also lined with mucous membrane vibrate and produce sound provide resonance for voice  epiglottis leaf like structure that closes opening of larynx during swallowing prevents food and liquids from entering respiratory tract inner surfaces of alveoli are covered with surfactant, which is a lipid that trachea (windpipe) helps prevent it from collapsing premature babies do not have tube extending from larynx to center of chest enough of this which can lead to carries air between pharynx and respiratory distress or failure bronchi contains series of c-shaped cartilage normal lungs vs lungs of smoker which opens in the back and helps trachea open lungs divisions of bronchi and alveoli bronchi located in thoracic cavity two divisions of trachea in the center right lung has 3 sections/lobes: superior, of chest bronchus - one enters each lung middle, inferior left lung and carries air from trachea has 2 sections: superior and inferior in lungs - bronchi divide into smaller smaller because heart lies more to left bronchioles side of chest bronchioles - end in air sacs called… alveoli air sacs pleura resembles bunch of grapes membrane/sac enclosing each lung adult lungs contains 500M alveoli visceral - attached to lungs made of one layer of squamous parietal - attached to chest wall epithelium tissue pleural space is located between two rich network of blood capillaries layers which is filled with thin layer of that allow O and CO2 to exchange pleural fluid to help lubricate membrane (hmmm…)  factors influencing gas exchange respiratory surface or organ must be moist, large enough, and protected from desiccation to allow gas exchange system relies on diffusion of gases down pressure gradient surface-to-volume ratio; as animal grows, surface area increases at lesser rate than volume, making diffusion of gases into interior more difficult ventilation refers to movement of respiratory medium over respiratory surface bony fish moves gill covers (operculum) for water-carrying oxygen to flow across gill humans move muscles of thorax to expand and contract the chest cavity and move in and out of lungs perfusion refers to flow of blood to alveolar process of respiration capillaries for gas exchange to be efficient, inspiration inhalation volumes involved in ventilation and process of breathing in air perfusion should be compatible regional gravity effects on blood, diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract/creates vacuum blocked alveolar ducts, or disease can oxygen enters lungs cause ventilation/perfusion to be expiration imbalanced respiratory pigments or proteins exhalation adaptations include this that bind and process of air leaving lungs diaphragm and intercostal muscles transport gases respiratory pigment of vertebrates is relax air is forced out; carbon dioxide is hemoglobin while invertebrates is removed hemocyanin two types of respirations some respiratory illnesses internal - exchange of CO2 and O in asthma, muscles around bronchioles between cell and bloodstream contract more than usual, increasing cellular - cells use O and nutrients to resistance to airflow emphysema is an abnormal condition produce energy, water, and CO2 which is marked by decreased how air move in and out of lungs respiratory function; associated with air moves by bulk flow into and out smoking, chronic bronchitis, old age pneumonia is infectious disease gases diffuse across inner respiratory surfaces of lungs involving inflammation and fluid buildup pulmonary circulation allows the in lungs diffusion of dissolved gases across lung capillaries in body tissues oxygen diffuses from blood -> internal fluid -> cells; pathway of CO2 is reverse all lungs receive deoxygenated blood from heart and return it to them by oxygenating