Unit I - Organization of the Human Body SY2024-2025.pdf

Organization of the Human Body Hazel Anne L. Catublas, RPh, MSPharm, PhD. HLC SY2024-2025 1  Definition n Anatomy - refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relation...

Organization of the Human Body Hazel Anne L. Catublas, RPh, MSPharm, PhD. HLC SY2024-2025 1  Definition n Anatomy - refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships n science that studies structure n Physiology - science that studies body functions n Anatomy (structure) determines physiology (functions) HLC SY2024-2025 2 Levels of Organization n Chemical: atoms àmolecules n Cellular: cells containing organelles q Basic unit of life n Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material q 4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous n Organ: group of tissues performing a common function n System: group of organs with a common function n Organism: contains all systems of an individual 3 HLC SY2024-2025  Levels of Organization HLC SY2024-2025 4  Life Processes n Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. n Responsiveness - the bodyʼs ability to detect and respond to changes. n Movement - includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. HLC SY2024-2025 5  Life Processes Growth - is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. Differentiation - the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. Reproduction - refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual. HLC SY2024-2025 6  Autopsy Postmortem examination Examination and dissection of a body to determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately. HLC SY2024-2025 7  Homeostasis n is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. n Maintaining a stable internal environment n Dynamic process because of many changes n Examples of variable factors q Body temperature, Blood pressure q Water and nutrient levels Maintained by feedback systems HLC SY2024-2025 8  Feedback system ncycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on. nmonitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a controlled condition. nthree basic components of Feedback sys : receptor, control center, and an effector. HLC SY2024-2025 9  Components of Homeostatic Mechanism nStimulus disrupts a controlled variable nReceptor recognizes the change and sends message = input (afferent pathways) to: nControl Center that evaluates input and sends output (efferent pathway) to: nEffector receives output and produces a response HLC SY2024-2025 10  Operation of feedback system HLC SY2024-2025 11  Negative Feedback System n reverses a change in a controlled condition n Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems n “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”) n These systems reverse a change in the controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal” q Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected and then lowered to normal BP HLC SY2024-2025 12  Negative Feedback System HLC SY2024-2025 13  Positive Feedback Systems n Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of this type n These systems strengthen a change and must be shut down by an outside force. n Examples: q Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions at child birth q Hormonal control of ovulation Systems that control blood clotting HLC SY2024-2025 14  Clinical Terms n Disorder: abnormality of structure/function n Disease: specific illness characterized by signs and symptoms q Symptoms: subjective changes not observable from outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea, anxiety q Signs: observable or measurable changes. Examples: can be either anatomical, such as swelling or a rash, or physiological, such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis. HLC SY2024-2025 15  Aging & Homeostasis nNormal process that: qIncludes a progressive loss in the ability to maintain homeostasis (homeostatic imbalance) qAffects all body systems qCan be slowed down or minimized by healthy living HLC SY2024-2025 16  Anatomical Terms nPrecise use of language to define position, direction, and location in the body. qAnatomical position nStands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward qCommon and anatomical terms qDirectional terms qPlanes and sections qBody cavities HLC SY2024-2025 17  Anatomical Positions HLC SY2024-2025 18  Directional Terms words that describe the position of one body part relative to another nSuperior - toward the head nInferior - away from the head nAnterior (ventral) - nearer to or at the front of the body nPosterior (dorsal) - nearer to or at the back of the body nMedial – nearer to the midline nLateral- farther from the midline nIntermediate – between two structures HLC SY2024-2025 19  Directional Terms nIpsilateral -On the same side of the body as another structure nContralateral - On the opposite side of the body from another structure nProximal - Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure nDistal - Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure nSuperficial (external)-Toward or on the surface of the body Deep (internal)- Away from the surface of the body HLC SY2024-2025 20 HLC SY2024-2025 21  Planes Through the Human Body nPlanes - imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts qSagittal plane - a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. qmidsagittal plane or a median plane - a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides qparasagittal plane - divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides qfrontal or coronal - divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. HLC SY2024-2025 22  Planes Through the Human Body qTransverse plane - divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions. qaka cross-sectional or horizontal plane qOblique plane - passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle. HLC SY2024-2025 23 HLC SY2024-2025 24  Planes & Sections: Brains Section - is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes HLC SY2024-2025 25  Planes & Sections: Brains HLC SY2024-2025 26  Planes & Sections: Brains HLC SY2024-2025 27  Body Cavities n are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs. qCranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) qThoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and mediastinal (region between lungs) qAbdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm): nAbdominal qLarger; contains most abdominopelvic organs qSubdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants nPelvic qMore inferior and smaller HLC SY2024-2025 qContains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive tract, and internal reproductive organs 28  Body cavities HLC SY2024-2025 29  Body Cavities qSerous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities nFunctions: protect organs, reduce friction nLayers qVisceral layer covers organs qParietal layer lines cavity nNames: qPleural (covers lungs, lines thorax) qPericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax) qPeritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity) HLC SY2024-2025 30  Anterior View of Thoracic Cavity HLC SY2024-2025 31 HLC SY2024-2025 32  Abdominopelvic Cavity HLC SY2024-2025 33  Abdominopelvic: 4 Quadrants HLC SY2024-2025 34  Abdominopelvic: 9 Regions HLC SY2024-2025 35  Abdominopelvic: 9 Regions HLC SY2024-2025 36  Organs in the Regions HLC SY2024-2025 37  Other body cavities n Oral (mouth) cavity, which contains the tongue and teeth n Nasal cavity in the nose n Orbital cavities (orbits), which contain the eyeballs n Middle ear cavities which contain small bones n Synovial cavities which are found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid HLC SY2024-2025 38  References Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2016). Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. (15th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (NJ) HLC SY2024-2025 39