PT CVS ANSWER (BATCH 2020).pdf

PROGRESS TEST CVS MODULE (ANSWER) 1. ___ is often asymptomatic and discovered only during a routine medical examination a. Juvenile hypertension b. Essential hypertension c. Malignant hypertension d. Secondary hypertension e. Pulmonary hypertension 2. T...

PROGRESS TEST CVS MODULE (ANSWER) 1. ___ is often asymptomatic and discovered only during a routine medical examination a. Juvenile hypertension b. Essential hypertension c. Malignant hypertension d. Secondary hypertension e. Pulmonary hypertension 2. The adverse reaction of sodium nitroprusside used in treating acute heart failure includes ___ toxicity. a. Nitrogen b. Chlorine c. Arsenic d. Cyanide e. Monoxide 3. Foam cells are produced when … a. Tunica intima thickens b. Extracellular matrix deposits c. Free radical oxygen increases d. There is enhanced monocyte adhesion e. Ox-LDL accumulates in the macrophages 4. Regarding arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart : a. Coronary arteries arise from the descending aorta b. Right coronary artery gives rise to anterior interventricular branch c. Left coronary artery supplies most of the right atrium d. Middle cardiac vein is a tributary of coronary sinus e. Small cardiac vein accompanies left coronary artery 5. Regarding calcium channel blockers : a. Dihydropidines act mainly in the heart b. Verapamil is an example of dihydropidine blockers c. Inhibition of L-type calcium channel is useful in hypertension treatment d. The mechanism of action is unclear e. It is responsible for efflux of calcium in the kidney 6. Mrs. Jane had mitral valve replacement surgery done two weeks ago and was recently admitted to the clinic with persistent fever and malaise. Infective endocarditis is suspected, and the causative organism is … a. Enterococci  b. Candida albicans c. Streptococcus bovis d. Streptococcus viridans e. Staphylococcus epidermidis 7. Cardiac output … a. Is the combined outputs of left and right ventricle per minute b. Decreased when the heart rate rise c. Is maintained even though during sudden drop of blood pressure d. Is the amount of blood ejected from the heart per second e. Is mainly determined by heart rate and contractility 8. All the carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from … a. Acetyl-CoA b. Malonyl-CoA c. Succinyl-CoA d. Propionyl-CoA e. Acetoacetyl-CoA 9. During FA synthesis, citrate is catalyzed to a. OAA and Acetyl-CoA b. Phosphate and OAA c. Acetyl-CoA and pyruvate d. Citrulline and Acetyl-CoA e. OAA and Pyruvate 10. The following situations may lead to "culture negative" endocarditis EXCEPT a. Subacute, left sided IE b. Non-bacterial aetiologies (eg. Fungi) c. Non infectious causes (eg. Vasculitis) d. The use of antibiotics prior to blood culture sampling e. Gram negative bacteria from the HACEK group (eg. Kingella kingae) 11. Mean arterial pressure … tnya madam betul ke tak a. Is directly proportionate with blood flow b. Is increased when the vessel radius is increase c. Increases when there is increased in metabolic activity d. Is reflex of pressure driving blood into the tissue e. Is equal to systolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure 12. ___ is a type of congenital heart disease which is incompatible with postnatal life due to the formation of two separate circuits; one that circulates oxygen-poor blood from the body back to the body; and another that recirculates oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the lungs  a. Aortic stenosis b. Atrial septal defect c. Patent foramen ovale d. Ventricular septal defect e. Transposition of great arteries 13. Chylomicron is a type of lipoprotein that transports triglycerides from the intestines to peripheral tissues. Which of the following is an integral apolipoprotein present in chylomicron? a. Apo B-100 b. Apo B-48 c. Apo CII d. Apo D e. Apo E 14. An increase in whole body oxygen demand is met chiefly by … a. Increasing cardiac output b. Increasing oxygen content of arterial blood c. Increasing oxygen extraction from arterial blood d. Increasing blood pressure e. Increasing blood plasma 15. This drug example can be used to substitute enalapril due to dry cough a. Losartan b. Diltiazem c. Clonidine d. Propranolol e. Guanethidine 16. ___ are small erythematous or hemorrhagic, macular, non-tender lesions on the palms and soles and are the consequences of septic embolic events a. Wheals b. Roth spots c. Osler nodes d. Janeway lesions e. Seborrheic lesions 17. Regarding the internal features of the heart a. Sulcus terminalis separates the smooth and rough parts of right atrium b. Fossa ovalis is located at the right atrioventricular orifice c. Right atrium contains opening of coronary sinus d. Trabeculae carneae is prominent in the left atrium e. Papillary muscles are connected to semilunar valves by chordae tendineae 18. __ is one of cardinal features in tetralogy of fallot a. Aortic stenosis b. Overriding aorta c. Atrial septal defect d. Patent foramen ovale e. Left ventricular hypertrophy 19. Anti-platelet used to decrease the risk of ischemic attack include clopidogrel and … a. Aspirin b. Ibuprofen c. Vitamin K d. Epinephrine e. Dobutamine 20. An acute, immunologically mediated, multisystem inflammatory disease classically occuring a few weeks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis is known as : a. Infective endocarditis b. Chronic rheumatic heart disease c. Rheumatic fever d. Sydenham's chorea e. Migratory polyarthritis 21. The late neurological manifestations that appears at least 3 months after the episode of acute rheumatic fever is known as : a. Erythema marginatum b. Migratory polyarthritis c. Subcutaneous nodules d. Carditis e. Sydenham's chorea 22. Moving from supine to upright position initially causes … a. Increased stroke volume b. Increased cardiac output c. Decreased venous return d. Increased blood pressure e. Decreased pulse 23. Regarding histology of blood vessels : a. Capillaries have a thick tunica media b. Sinusoidal capillaries contain smooth endothelial wall with continuous basal lamina  c. Veins have well developed tunica intima when compared to the arteries d. Vein valves are mainly formed by folds of tunica adventitia e. Vasa vasorum are present in the tunica adventitia of large arteries 24. Name one drug that is known to increase water excretion but has less role in the body when there is sodium retention a. Amiloride b. Mannitol c. Furosemide d. Thiazide e. Spironolactone 25. A 64-year old man presents to the emergency department with chest pain, fever, fatigue and arthralgias. His past medical history is significant for rheumatic heart disease and a dental procedure a few weeks before admission. He currently shows no 'stigmata' of endocarditis on physical examination, although endocarditis is suspected. The MOST likely organisms is : a. Viridans streptococci b. Enterococcus fecalis c. Staphylococcus aureus d. Cardiobacterium hominis e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa 26. The morphologic and clinical effects of left sided heart failure primarily result from … a. Congestion of the pulmonary circulation b. Cor pulmonale c. Systemic venous congestion d. Peripheral oedema e. Ascites 27. The primary ionic basis of the prepotential in the SA node is … a. Calcium ions influx through transient T calcium channels b. Inwardly directed long lasting calcium ion current c. Outward sodium ion current d. Potassium ions efflux through leak channels e. Chloride ions influx through leak channels 28. ___ is a type of congenital malformation causing left to right shunt a. Tricuspid atresia b. Tetralogy of Fallot c. Pulmonary stenosis d. Coarctation of the aorta e. Ventricular septal defect 29. The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to … a. Movement of fewer sodium ions across the cell membranes b. Slow influx of calcium ion c. Decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane d. Increased membrane permeability to potassium ion e. Increased membrane permeability to sodium ion 30. The shortest event in the cardiac cycle is … a. QRS interval b. ST interval c. ST segment d. RR interval e. PR interval 31. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart decreases … a. Heart rate b. Force of cardiac contraction c. Speed of conduction d. Refractory period e. Cardiac output 32. Regarding the heart wall : a. The outermost layer is called endocardium b. The epicardium is fused with the fibrous layer of pericardium c. The myocardium consists of thin muscular tissue d. Cardiac muscle fibres are striated muscles with intercalated discs e. Purkinje cells lies in the outermost layer 33. ___ aneurysm is described as circumferential dilatations, enlargement involving all layers of the artery wall which occurs most commonly at the aortic arch, the abdominal aorta or the iliac arteries a. Fusiform b. Saccular c. Dissection d. Hematoma e. Isolation 34. An antidote for severe digitalis toxicity is … a. Atropine b. Neostigmine c. Verapamil d. Vitamin K e. Digibind 35. In most patients with heart failure the cardiac output is reduced and this causes a degree of underperfusion that is called : a. Congestive heart failure b. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction c. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction d. Left sided heart failure e. Arterial underfilling 36. Upon birth, the __ and the __ fuse to form the interatrial septum a. Septum Primum, Valve of Foramen Ovale b. Septum Primum, Endocardial Cushions c. Septum Secundum, Valve of Foramen Ovale d. Septum Secundum, Endocardial Cushions e. Septum Secundum, Ostium Primum 37. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) requires ___ to catalyse the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA a. Biotin b. Water c. Folic acid d. Vitamin D e. ADP 38. The test that is most specific for myocardial damage is … a. CK b. LDH c. CK MB-MM d. Troponin I e. Troponin T 39. The most appropriate index of left ventricular afterload is … a. Systolic arterial pressure b. Mean arterial pressure c. Systemic vascular resistance d. Aortic valve resistance e. Left ventricular systolic pressure 40. ___ is a loop diuretic a. Furosemide b. Acetazolamide c. Probenecid d. Spironolactone e. Simvastatin 41. The MAIN etiology of myocardial ischaemia is … a. Coronary emboli b. Vascular spasm c. Coronary atherosclerosis d. Myocardial vessel inflammation e. Collateral circulation 42. Treatment options for hyperlipidemia includes … a. To increase production of HMG-CoA reductase by niacin b. Statin in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia c. To increase cholesterol absorption in the intestines by ezetimibe d. Impeding the bile acid reabsorption and increased clearance of LDL-C by cholestyramine treatment e. Diuretics 43. When the precapillary sphincters are relaxed, … a. Blood flows through entire capillary bed b. Blood flows only through the metarteriole c. Number of open capillaries are reduced d. Capillary surface area available for exchange are reduced e. Diffusion distance from cell to capillaries are increased 44. Regarding the arteries : a. Tunica intima contains thick smooth muscle fibers b. Internal elastic lamina is more prominent in muscular artery when compared to elastic artery c. Aorta is an example of muscular artery d. Muscular arteries have larger diameter than elastic arteries e. External elastic lamina is present in all arteries 45. Blood pressure is … a. Expressed as mean arterial pressure by pressure difference between systole and diastole b. Measured systolic and diastolic pressure using palpation method c. Increased with an increase in cardiac output d. Increased with vasoconstriction e. Increased with a decreased in the ECF 46. Regarding triacylglycerol (TAG) a. It is unesterified molecule b. It is derived from two component of glycerol and three fatty acids c. The synthesis of TAG in the liver is through glycerol-3-phosphate pathway d. Monoacylglycerol pathway for TAG synthesis occurs in adipose tissue  e. TAG is less efficient compared to glycogen for energy storage 47. Synthesis of phospholipids is similar to … a. Enzymes b. Cholesterols c. Nucleotides d. Haemoglobin e. Triacylglycerols 48. Regarding HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors : a. Generally all inhibitors are safe for pregnant and lactating mother b. Relatively has very minimal drug-drug interactions with warfarin c. Lovastatin is of the example d. Niacin acts as inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase e. Severe rhabdomyolysis is a non-serious form of statin induced myopathy 49. The region of the developing heart tube that corresponds to the inflow and outflow of blood respectively are the … a. Inferior vena cava & aortic arch b. Truncus venosus & sinus arteriosus c. Sinus arteriosus & cordus bulbus d. Sinus venosus & truncus arteriosus e. Truncus arteriosus & cordus bulbus 50. The following organisms is NOT commonly implicated in infective endocarditis: a. HACEK group b. Candida species c. Enterococcus species d. Streptococcus species e. Staphylococcus species 51. In the case of acute myocardial infarction, the irreversible injury of ischaemic myocytes occurs first in the ___ zone. a. Myocardium b. Subendocardial c. Endocardium d. Pericardium e. Endocardium 52. The highest phospholipids content is found in … a. Chylomicron b. HDL c. VLDL d. LDL  e. IDL 53. Cerebral blood flow … a. Is increased when the metabolic demands increase in the brain b. Is maintained the autoregulation when the cerebral perfusion pressure is above 150 mmHg c. Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the lungs d. Is decreased when hydrogen ions concentration is low e. Is directly proportional to arterial partial pressure of oxygen 54. Myocardial necrosis involving the full thickness of the ventricular wall in the distribution of the obstructed coronary artery is known as.. a. Transmural myocardial infarction b. Nontransmural myocardial infarction c. Multifocal myocardial microinfarction d. Subendocardial myocardial infarction e. Non-ST-elevated myocardial infarction 55. Regarding coronary blood flow regulation: a. Good autoregulation between 60-180 mmHg perfusion pressure to maintain adequate flow b. Parasympathetic stimulation increased the coronary blood flow c. Myocardial hypoxia contributes to maintain the coronary circulation d. Increases of heart rate causes decrease of coronary blood flow e. Diastolic phase slows down the coronary circulation 56. Capillary hydrostatic blood pressure… a. Tends to force fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid b. Also known as oncotic pressure c. Pressure tends to force fluid into capillaries d. Normally does not contribute significantly to bulk flow e. Depends on concentration gradients 57. The route of administration for nitroglycerine in acute anginal attack is … a. Intrathecal b. Intravenous c. Sublingual d. Intramuscular e. Subcutaneous 58. The cause of secondary hypertension is … a. Genetic susceptibility b. High salt intake c. Renal artery stenosis  d. Abnormalities of Na/K membrane transport e. Abnormalities in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 59. Phospholipases hydrolyze the ___ bonds of phosphoglycerides a. Peptide b. Hydrogen c. Glycosidic d. Phosphodiester e. Phosphoanhydride 60. The combination of nitroglycerin with sildenafil is contraindicated as they cause severe … a. Hypertension b. Hypotension c. Dyspnea d. Vasospasm e. Vomiting