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Questions and Answers
___ is often asymptomatic and discovered only during a routine medical examination.
___ is often asymptomatic and discovered only during a routine medical examination.
The adverse reaction of sodium nitroprusside used in treating acute heart failure includes ___ toxicity.
The adverse reaction of sodium nitroprusside used in treating acute heart failure includes ___ toxicity.
Foam cells are produced when …
Foam cells are produced when …
Regarding arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart:
Regarding arterial supply and venous drainage of the heart:
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Regarding calcium channel blockers:
Regarding calcium channel blockers:
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The causative organism suspected in infective endocarditis for Mrs. Jane is …
The causative organism suspected in infective endocarditis for Mrs. Jane is …
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Cardiac output …
Cardiac output …
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All the carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from …
All the carbon atoms of cholesterol are derived from …
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During fatty acid (FA) synthesis, citrate is catalyzed to:
During fatty acid (FA) synthesis, citrate is catalyzed to:
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The following situations may lead to 'culture negative' endocarditis EXCEPT:
The following situations may lead to 'culture negative' endocarditis EXCEPT:
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Mean arterial pressure …
Mean arterial pressure …
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___ is a type of congenital heart disease which is incompatible with postnatal life.
___ is a type of congenital heart disease which is incompatible with postnatal life.
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Chylomicron is a type of lipoprotein that transports triglycerides from the intestines to peripheral tissues. Which of the following is an integral apolipoprotein present in chylomicron?
Chylomicron is a type of lipoprotein that transports triglycerides from the intestines to peripheral tissues. Which of the following is an integral apolipoprotein present in chylomicron?
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An increase in whole body oxygen demand is met chiefly by …
An increase in whole body oxygen demand is met chiefly by …
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This drug example can be used to substitute enalapril due to dry cough.
This drug example can be used to substitute enalapril due to dry cough.
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___ are small erythematous or hemorrhagic, macular, non-tender lesions on the palms and soles and are the consequences of septic embolic events.
___ are small erythematous or hemorrhagic, macular, non-tender lesions on the palms and soles and are the consequences of septic embolic events.
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Study Notes
Hypertension
- Essential hypertension often asymptomatic and discovered during routine medical exams.
- Malignant hypertension is severe and requires immediate treatment.
- Pulmonary hypertension leads to increased pressure in pulmonary arteries.
Acute Heart Failure Treatment
- Sodium nitroprusside can cause cyanide toxicity as an adverse reaction.
Atherosclerosis
- Foam cells form when oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) accumulates in macrophages, leading to atherosclerosis.
Cardiac Anatomy
- Coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta, not the descending aorta.
- Right coronary artery does not give rise to anterior interventricular branch; this is the left coronary artery's role.
- Middle cardiac vein drains into the coronary sinus.
Calcium Channel Blockers
- Dihydropyridines mainly target vascular smooth muscle, not primarily the heart.
- Verapamil is a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used in hypertension treatment.
Infective Endocarditis
- Post-surgery, infective endocarditis may be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, particularly in patients with recent valve surgery.
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, primarily determined by heart rate and contractility.
- It can be maintained during sudden drops in blood pressure.
Cholesterol Synthesis
- All carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from Acetyl-CoA.
Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Citrate is converted to Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) during fatty acid synthesis.
Culture Negative Endocarditis
- "Culture negative" endocarditis can occur due to subacute left-sided infective endocarditis, use of antibiotics prior to culture sampling, and non-bacterial causes.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- Mean arterial pressure equals systolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure.
- MAP increases with heightened metabolic activity and is directly proportionate to tissue blood flow.
Congenital Heart Disease
- Transposition of great arteries is incompatible with postnatal life due to separate circulatory systems for oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood.
Chylomicrons
- Chylomicrons transport triglycerides from intestines to peripheral tissues, containing the integral apolipoprotein Apo B-48.
Oxygen Demand
- Increased whole-body oxygen demand is mainly met by increasing cardiac output rather than just the oxygen content in arterial blood.
Alternative Medications
- Losartan can be prescribed as an alternative to enalapril for patients experiencing dry cough.
Embolic Events
- Janeway lesions are small macular non-tender lesions on palms and soles, indicative of septic emboli.
Internal Heart Structures
- The sulcus terminalis differentiates between smooth and rough parts of the right atrium; fossa ovalis is not at the right atrioventricular orifice.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cardiovascular system topics with this progress test. It includes questions on hypertension types and drug reactions related to heart failure. Perfect for health science students looking to assess their understanding of cardiovascular studies.
