Progress Test CVS Module

Hypertension

• Essential hypertension often asymptomatic and discovered during routine medical exams.
• Malignant hypertension is severe and requires immediate treatment.
• Pulmonary hypertension leads to increased pressure in pulmonary arteries.

Acute Heart Failure Treatment

• Sodium nitroprusside can cause cyanide toxicity as an adverse reaction.

Atherosclerosis

• Foam cells form when oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) accumulates in macrophages, leading to atherosclerosis.

Cardiac Anatomy

• Coronary arteries originate from the ascending aorta, not the descending aorta.
• Right coronary artery does not give rise to anterior interventricular branch; this is the left coronary artery's role.
• Middle cardiac vein drains into the coronary sinus.

Calcium Channel Blockers

• Dihydropyridines mainly target vascular smooth muscle, not primarily the heart.
• Verapamil is a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used in hypertension treatment.

Infective Endocarditis

• Post-surgery, infective endocarditis may be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, particularly in patients with recent valve surgery.

Cardiac Output

• Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, primarily determined by heart rate and contractility.
• It can be maintained during sudden drops in blood pressure.

Cholesterol Synthesis

• All carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from Acetyl-CoA.

Fatty Acid Synthesis

• Citrate is converted to Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) during fatty acid synthesis.

Culture Negative Endocarditis

• "Culture negative" endocarditis can occur due to subacute left-sided infective endocarditis, use of antibiotics prior to culture sampling, and non-bacterial causes.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

• Mean arterial pressure equals systolic pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure.
• MAP increases with heightened metabolic activity and is directly proportionate to tissue blood flow.

Congenital Heart Disease

• Transposition of great arteries is incompatible with postnatal life due to separate circulatory systems for oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood.

Chylomicrons

• Chylomicrons transport triglycerides from intestines to peripheral tissues, containing the integral apolipoprotein Apo B-48.

Oxygen Demand

• Increased whole-body oxygen demand is mainly met by increasing cardiac output rather than just the oxygen content in arterial blood.

Alternative Medications

• Losartan can be prescribed as an alternative to enalapril for patients experiencing dry cough.

Embolic Events

• Janeway lesions are small macular non-tender lesions on palms and soles, indicative of septic emboli.

Internal Heart Structures

• The sulcus terminalis differentiates between smooth and rough parts of the right atrium; fossa ovalis is not at the right atrioventricular orifice.