Psych Unit 9 Definitions PDF

Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Altruism - Helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so Bystander effect - The observation that an individual is less likely to help when they perceive that others are not helping - People fear embarrassment that could come from...

Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Altruism - Helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so Bystander effect - The observation that an individual is less likely to help when they perceive that others are not helping - People fear embarrassment that could come from helping another person. Diffusion of responsibility - The reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation Groupthink - A decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement Informational influence - Occurs when people feel the group is giving them useful information Mimicry - Taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others - Seems to help form social bonds and encourages prosocial helping behaviour Conformity - Usually describes the way an individual’s more complex behaviours evolve to become like the behaviour of the group Normative influence - The result of a social pressure to adopt a group’s perspective in order to be accepted, rather than rejected, by a group Social facilitation - Occurs when one’s performance is affected by presence of others Social loafing - Occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others Social norms - The (usually unwritten) guidelines for how to behave in social contexts Social roles - Guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group Ostracism - Being ignored or excluded from social contract According to Kurt Lewin, human behaviour is governed by the formula B = f (P, E). In this formula, E refers to __________. - Environment Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Kurt Lewin’s theory - Individuals and groups of individuals are influenced by restraining forces or obstacles that counter driving forces aimed at keeping the status quo, and driving forces or positive forces for change that push in the direction that causes change to happen Synchrony - Occurs in conversation when individuals’ speech patterns and physiology become more alike Normative influence - Social pressure to adopt a group’s perspective in order to be accepted, rather than rejected by the group The diffusion of responsibility - the reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation - Bystander effect Obedience - Complying with instructions from an individual who has authority Contact hypothesis - Predicts that social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice Dual-process models - Models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit processes External attribution (situational) - The observer explains the actor’s behaviour as the result of the situation False consensus effect - The tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world Fundamental attribution error (FAE) - The tendency to over-emphasize internal (dispositional) attributions and under- emphasize external (situational) factors when explaining other people’s behaviour Implicit processes - Correspond to “unconscious” thought o Intuitive, automatic, effortless, very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control Ingroup bias Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 - Positive biases toward the self, get extended to include one’s ingroups and people become motivated to see their ingroups as superior to the outgroups o Eg sports fans see their team as the best team Ingroups - Groups we feel positively towards and identify with Internal attribution (dispositional) - The observer explains the behaviour of the actor in terms if some innate quality of the person Naïve realism - The assumption that our perceptions of reality are accurate, that we see things the way that they are Outgroups - Those “other” groups that we don’t identify with Person perception - The processes by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people Prejudice - Affective, emotionally laden responses to members of outgroups, including holding negative attributes and making critical judgements of other groups Self-fulfilling prophecies - A first impression (or expectation) affects one’s behaviour, and then that affects other people’s behaviour, leading one to “confirm” the initial impression or expectation Self-serving biases - Biased ways of processing self-relevant information to enhance our positive self- evaluation Stereotype - A cognitive structure, a set of beliefs about the characteristics that are held by members of a specific social group - These beliefs function as schemas serving to guide how we process information about our social world Thin slices of behaviour - Very small samples of a person’s behaviour - Help us form impressions Discrimination - Behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group Implicit prejudice Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 - Refers to situations in which a person stereotypes a group of people based on hidden, unacknowledged feelings Implicit associations test - To find unconscious forms of prejudice - Test is based on how long it takes people to respond to positive or negative words along with Black or White faces Jacques believed that everyone from Alberta was a racist “redneck.” He was therefore quite nervous when he found out that he’d have to work with two Albertans who were visiting from his company’s Edmonton office. After spending some time with the two men, however, he realized that his views about Albertans were incorrect. This is an example of - The contact hypothesis Attitude inoculation - A strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and then refuting that argument Central route to persuasion - Focuses on facts, logic, and the content of a message in order to persuade Cognitive dissonance theory - When we hold inconsistent beliefs, it create a kind of aversive inner tension or “dissonance” - We are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can - Proposed by Leon Festinger Construal-level theory - Describes how much information affects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the information - Nira Liberman and Yaacov Trope Door-in-the-face technique - Involved asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something relatively small Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) - A dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be most influential Foot-in-the-door technique - Involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request Identifiable victim effect Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 - People are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people - People are more likely to donate money when ads focus on a single starving person than when ads focus on the fact that most people in a country are starving Peripheral route to persuasion - Focuses on features of the issue or presentation that are not factual - Ads that don’t focus on product quality but on association with positive characteristics, emotions, and celebrity endorsement Ahmed’s grandparents immigrated to Canada from Egypt in the 1970s. He wants to raise awareness about the positive effects immigration can have on a society. To do so, he prints out a list of the benefits of immigration and puts copies in people’s mailboxes. How successful will Ahmed’s attempts at persuasion be, and why? - Ahmed will not be successful because although he used the central route to persuasion well, he did a poor job using the peripheral route. According to the elaboration likelihood model, people are persuaded by the central route if ________________. - they have a genuine interest in the topic Harinder asked Doug to help him carry some boxes from his car into his backyard. Once that small task was done, Harinder then asked Doug to help him assemble a shed that he had bought. This technique of making a simple request followed by a more substantial request is known as (the) ___________________. - foot-in-the-door technique Groupthink is least likely to occur when _________________. - group members have very different sociopolitical values Asch studies - Even a single individual has a great deal of power in group settings, because by being willing to publicly disagree with the group, conformity pressures are significantly reduced for others. Milgram experiment variations - Expt -> Stanley Milgram, who intended to measure the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience - one of the most efective ways to get people to disobey an authority figure is to make sure they have some companions who will do it too Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3 Chapters 13.1,13.2, 13.3