Social Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What does altruism entail?

  • Assisting others in order to gain group approval
  • Helping others without any reward or expectation (correct)
  • Ignoring others in need to avoid embarrassment
  • Helping others with an expectation of reward

What is a common consequence of the bystander effect?

  • Higher levels of group cooperation
  • Increased likelihood of individuals helping
  • Decreased personal responsibility among bystanders (correct)
  • Greater awareness of social norms

What defines groupthink in decision-making?

  • Striving for consensus to avoid conflict (correct)
  • Encouragement of diverse opinions
  • Promoting individual accountability
  • Open debates among group members

In Kurt Lewin's formula B = f (P, E), what does E represent?

<p>Environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social loafing?

<p>Putting in less effort when collaborating with others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

People are persuaded by the central route in the elaboration likelihood model when they _____________.

<p>have a genuine interest in the topic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The technique used when someone first makes a small request before a larger one is known as _____________.

<p>foot-in-the-door technique (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Groupthink is least likely to occur when _____________.

<p>group members have very different sociopolitical values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Milgram experiment, what significantly reduced conformity pressures among participants?

<p>Having companions who disobeyed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asch studies demonstrated that _____________.

<p>public disagreement can diminish conformity pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the contact hypothesis suggest about changing views through personal interaction?

<p>It involves a change of heart through interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the central route to persuasion?

<p>Logical reasoning and factual content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does attitude inoculation work to strengthen beliefs?

<p>By presenting weak counter-arguments and refuting them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological phenomenon does cognitive dissonance theory describe?

<p>Inner tension from holding conflicting beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves making a large request followed by a smaller one?

<p>Door-in-the-face technique. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the identifiable victim effect suggest about humanitarian appeals?

<p>They result in greater action when highlighting a single individual's plight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the peripheral route to persuasion?

<p>It focuses on superficial features unrelated to the product. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might Ahmed's strategy of distributing a list of immigration benefits be ineffective in persuasion?

<p>It does not engage with emotional storytelling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the phenomenon where individuals feel less personal responsibility when more people are present?

<p>Diffusion of responsibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon occurs when people modify their speech patterns and physiology to match others in a conversation?

<p>Synchrony (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the tendency to favor one’s own group and perceive it as superior to others?

<p>Ingroup bias (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the contact hypothesis primarily concerned with overcoming?

<p>Prejudice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines self-serving biases?

<p>Biased interpretations to enhance one's own self-evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?

<p>Underestimating situational factors in others' behaviors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model accounts for both unconscious and controlled processes in behavior?

<p>Dual-process models (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'thin slices of behavior' refer to?

<p>Short samples of an individual's actions used to form impressions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the act of blaming an individual’s behavior on their traits rather than the situation they are in?

<p>Internal attribution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive structure is characterized by beliefs about the traits of members in a social group?

<p>Stereotype (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bystander Effect

A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help when they believe others will help.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Reduced personal accountability when others are present in a situation.

Altruism

Helping others without expecting a reward.

Social Loafing

Decreased effort when working in a group.

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Social Norms

Unwritten rules for behavior in social situations.

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Contact Hypothesis

The idea that direct contact between groups can reduce prejudice and stereotypes.

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Attitude Inoculation

Strengthening an attitude by exposing it to weak counterarguments and then refuting them.

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Central Route to Persuasion

Persuasion based on facts, logic, and the message's content.

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Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort felt when holding conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

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Door-in-the-Face Technique

A persuasion technique where you first ask for a large request, then follow with a smaller, more reasonable request.

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Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A persuasion technique where you get someone to agree to a small request, making them more likely to accept a larger request later.

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Identifiable Victim Effect

People are more likely to help a single, identifiable person in need than an entire group.

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Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Persuasion relying on non-factual cues like emotions, celebrity endorsements, or associations.

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Kurt Lewin's Theory

Individuals and groups are influenced by driving and restraining forces. Driving forces push for change, while restraining forces resist it.

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Synchrony in Conversation

When people's speech patterns and body language become similar during a conversation.

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Normative Influence

People conform to a group's norms to gain acceptance and avoid rejection.

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Obedience

Following instructions given by someone in authority.

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External Attribution

Explaining someone's behavior by looking at the situation, not their personality.

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Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Overestimating personality and underestimating situation when explaining others' behaviors.

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Implicit Processes

Unconscious, automatic, and quick mental processes.

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Ingroup Bias

Favoritism toward one's own group, seeing them as better than other groups.

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Central Route

A path to persuasion where individuals carefully consider the message's content and arguments, focusing on logic and evidence. This happens when they have a genuine interest in the topic or are highly motivated to process the information.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where group members prioritize harmony and cohesion over critical thinking, leading to flawed decision-making. Consensus overrides individual doubts and dissenting opinions.

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Asch Conformity Studies

Research that demonstrated the power of social pressure and conformity. Participants were pressured to agree with the group's incorrect judgments, even when their own perception was different.

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Milgram Experiment

A study that examined obedience to authority figures. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner, highlighting how individuals comply with authority even when causing harm.

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Study Notes

Altruism

  • Helping others without reward or expectation

Bystander Effect

  • Individuals are less likely to help when others are present
  • Fear of embarrassment or diffusion of responsibility

Diffusion of Responsibility

  • Reduced feeling of personal responsibility in the presence of others

Groupthink

  • Avoiding arguments and striving for agreement in group decisions
  • A problem in decision-making

Informational Influence

  • People feel the group is providing useful information

Mimicry

  • Copying behaviours, displays and facial expressions of others
  • Forms social bonds and promotes prosocial behaviour

Conformity

  • Individuals adopting group behaviours
  • Complex behaviours evolve to align with the group

Normative Influence

  • Adopting group perspectives for acceptance, not rejection

Social Facilitation

  • Performance affected by the presence of others

Social Loafing

  • Reduced effort when working in a group

Social Norms

  • Guidelines for behaviour in social contexts

Social Roles

  • Guidelines for specific positions in a group

Ostracism

  • Being ignored or excluded from social groups

Kurt Lewin's Theory

  • Individuals and groups are influenced by restraining forces (obstacles) and driving forces (change)
  • Formula: B = f (P, E); B = Behaviour, P = Person, E = Environment

Obedience

  • Complying with instructions from authority figures

Contact Hypothesis

  • Social contact between groups reduces prejudice

Dual-Process Models

  • Behaviour explained by implicit and explicit processes

External Attribution

  • Observer attributes behaviour to situational factors

False Consensus Effect

  • Projecting self-concept onto the social world

Fundamental Attribution Error

  • Overemphasizing internal factors when explaining others' behaviour

Implicit Processes

  • Unconscious, automatic, effortless thoughts
  • Fast and outside of conscious control

Ingroup Bias

  • Favouring one's own group

Ingroups

  • Groups with positive feelings toward

Outgroups

  • Groups without positive identification; "other" groups

Person Perception

  • Processes of categorizing and judging others

Prejudice

  • Emotional responses to outgroups; negative attitudes

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

  • First impressions affect behaviour and confirm initial impressions

Self-Serving Bias

  • Biased self-evaluation; enhancing positive self-evaluation

Stereotype

  • Beliefs about group characteristics affecting information processing

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Description

Explore key concepts in social psychology, including altruism, bystander effect, and group dynamics. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how individuals behave in social settings and the influences on decision-making and group behavior.

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