Psych 127B Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) PDF

Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 1. The Nature of - We have 23 pairs of chromosomes (pairs 1-22 are for Genes: *Chromo- brain and body develop, but pair 23 is the sex chromosomes* some) -The ordering of pairs determines how the body develops *Genome*: An...

Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 1. The Nature of - We have 23 pairs of chromosomes (pairs 1-22 are for Genes: *Chromo- brain and body develop, but pair 23 is the sex chromosomes* some) -The ordering of pairs determines how the body develops *Genome*: An individual's complete set of genes 2. Polygenic, Quan- *P*: Influenced by many genes; each contributing only a titative Genetics, tiny effect - this can be all influenced by the environment Molecular Genetics *Q*: Sums up all tiny effects of genes without saying which genes are responsible *M*: Structure of genes 3. What is half Genetic influence; all other changes are a result of the our personality environment traits and cognitive abilities attributed to? 4. The Diathesis Stress Model A diagnostic model in which individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress. -Each inherited tendency is a diathesis/vulnerability 5. Diathesis (vulnerability) A condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder. When the right kind of trigger is present, a disorder can develop. -Diathesis is genetics based and stress is environmental based, both together creates a disorder -The greater the vulnerability, the less stress required; the less vulnerable, the more stress is required 6. The Gene - Envi- The hypothesis that people with genetic predisposition for ronment Correla- a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create tion Model environmental risk factors that promote the disorder 1 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j -Some evidence indicates that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events 7. Epigenetic and Not all personality traits are highly inherited by genetics; the Nongenomic some traits developed through their environment can be "Inheritance" of inherited (The environment can change gene expression) behavior 8. Epigenetics 9. The Central Ner- Command and control center that governs perception, vous System thoughts, feelings, memories, decisions and behaviors. Processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes -The spinal cord and brain apart of CNS - Floats in a bath of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 10. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) CSF circulates the brain's aqueducts and ventricles (fluid-filled spaces around and within the brain) - CSF is produced by tissue within the ventricles (~500 ml/day) 11. Cerebellum (CNS) Helps generate smooth, coordinated movement, integrates visual, motor, vestibular, and somatosensory info (alcohol affects the cerebellum) 12. Action Potential, *AP*: Short periods of electrical activity at the membrane Terminal Button, of a neuron, responsible for the transmission of signals Synaptic Cleft within the neuron *TB*: The end of an axon (of a neuron) where neurotransmitters are stored before release *SC*:Space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses fro one neuron to the next 2 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 13. The Structure of 1) Brain Stem the Brain (6) 2) Thalamus 3) Hypothalamus 4) Limbic System 5) Basal Ganglia 6) Cerebral Cortex 14. Brain Stem, Thal- *BS*: All connections to the rest of the body pass through amus, Hypothal- (motor, sensory); Responsible for automatic bodily funcamus tions like breathing (also includes: *Hindbrain*: automatic function; *Midbrain*: arousal and tension sensory input (it's dopamine system is involved in addiction, schizophrenia, and parkinson's disease) *T*: Gateway to the cortex, all information passes through the thalamus *H*: controls a number of different drives, including: sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, sleep/wake cycle (the 4 F's: fight, flight, feeding, mating) 15. Case Study: Jean - Dominque Bauby: Locked-in syndrome Suffered from an abrupt massive stroke that severed his brainstem. The stroke disconnected his brain from his spinal cord, and rendered him quadriplegic and mute. By communicating with his left eyelid, the only part of his body that was spared alongside with his mind - People with Locked-in Syndrome remain comatose for some days or weeks, needing artificial respiration and then gradually wake up, but remain paralyzed and voiceless - Bauby and all the patients alike in fact remain mentally lucid and competent 16. Limbic System, *LS*: (also includes hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, sepBasal Ganglia, tum, amygdala) Regulates emotional experiences & exCerebral Cortex pressions; our ability to learn and control our impulses *BG*: Controls motor activity; highly dopaminergic; relat3 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j ed to schizophrenia and substance abuse *CC*: a single large sheet of tissue and is crumpled up like a wad of paper to fit inside our skulls. Neuroscientists use the folds and creases of the cortex as landmarks for identifying specific brain areas (Each groove is called SULCUS (plural: sulci) Each bump is called a GYRUS (plural: gyri)) Distinct human qualities; allows us to plan, reason, and create (makes up 80% of the brain). Left brain is more technical and right brain is more creative 17. Neuroanatomy Landmarks (3) 1) Central Sulcus 2) Lateral Fissure 3) Calcarine Fissure 18. Neurons and Glia Brain is made up of both of these cells. They come in many different types; they vary in shapes and sizes. - Neurons process information in the brain - Glial cells do not directly participate in signal processing, but they perform vital support functions for neurons - 90% of cells in the brain are glial cells 19. White matter vs - Gray matter consists of neurons and synapses Gray Matter - White matter consists of fibers that carry information between one brain region and another; has myelin that surrounds the fibers (bundled axons connecting different brain structures) 20. Myelin Some axons are surrounds by myelin sheath (insulation) - cortical regions that contain lots of myelin are called white matter (dense axon bundles connecting different brain structures) - cortical regions that contain little myelin are called gray matter (dendrites and neurons cell bodies) 21. Multiple Sclerosis Caused by loss of myelin in the CNS - symptoms vary depending on which part of the brain is affected 22. 4 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j Case Study: Hen- Severe epilepsy; got his hippocampus, parahippocamry Gustav Molai- pus, and amygdala removed in 1953. son - Post - surgery: could not form new declarative memories, but he could learn new skills 23. The Peripheral Nervous System (Somatic System & Automatic System) Relays sensory information about the world to the CNS, carries commands from the CNS to muscles and organs; Coordinates with the brain stem to makes sure the body is working properly. *SS*: Controls the muscles *AS*: Regulates the cardiovascular and endocrine systems (Has *sympathetic* (stimulates sweating, inhibits salivation, dilates pupil, inhibits digestion, stimulates epinephrine, stimulates glucose release, speeds heartbeat) and *parasympathetic* nervous system (stimulates salivation, constricts pupil, slows heartbeat, stimulates digestion, constricts airways) 24. Brain Vasculature: Stroke *Stroke*: brain damage caused by restriction of blood to the brain by a burst or weak blood vessel, or by blockage - Studying stroke patients has given us a great deal of information about how the brain works - strokes in different regions have very different effects 25. The Blood Brain - The Brain's Blood vessels have a restrictive barrier Barrier (BBB) (BBB) that prevents many molecules (e.g. drugs) from entering the brain through the bloodstream - A semi-permeable (selectivity permeable) barrier between the CNS and circulatory system, which helps to regulate the flow of nutrient rich fluid into the brain -Substances must be actively transported across it (important for class because drugs pass through the BBB) 26. Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges (brain and spinal cord membranes), usually caused by bacterial or viral infection Meninges: the three membranes (the dura mater, arach5 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j noid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord. 27. Hormone, Adren- *H*: Chemicals produced by glands in the Endocrine Sysal Gland, Pitutem, which releases directly into the bloodstream itary Gland, Gonadal Glands *AG*: Produces the stress hormone Cortisol; epinephrine (Adrenaline) in response to stress *PG*: Master gland; produces a variety of regulatory hormones *GG*: Sex hormones; estrogen & testosterone 28. Neurotransmit- *N*: related to how we process information; chemical ters, Brain signals that travels through the synapses Circuit, reuptake *BC*: Circuit or neural pathway in the brain *R*: Action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic cleft 29. Agonist, Antago- *AG*: A chemical substrate that effectively increases the nist, Inverse ago- activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects nist *AN*: A chemical substrate that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter *IA*: A chemical that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter (Drugs either slow or increase production of neurotransmitters) 30. Two types of Neurotransmitters 1) Monoamines (norepinephrine): serotonin and dopamine; active in both central and peripheral nervous system 2) Amino-acid neurotransmitter: *glutamate* (Excites neurons that lead to action), *Gamma-aminobutyric* 6 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j (GABA): reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, and generalized anxiety 31. Serotonin, Dopamine *S*: involved in processing of information and coordination of movement, as well as inhibition and restraint. It also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviors. Regulates our behavior, mood, and thought process. (Low serotonin activity has been associated with aggression, suicide) *D*: Neurotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure seeking behaviors. A relative excess of dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia, and its deficit is involved in Parkinson's Disease 32. How do we study and treat psychopathology?: Assessing Psychological Disorders Purposes of Clinical Disorders: 1) To understand the individual 2) To predict behavior 3) To plan treatment 4) To evaluate treatment outcome (analogous to a funnel: starts broad, multidimensional in approach, narrow to specific problem areas) 33. Psychosocial Influences on Brain Structure and Function - Psychosocial influences can change brain structure and function? - Effects of treatment can tell us the nature of psychopathology, but this method is weak because treating the effect doesn't mean you treated the cause -it's better to treat the maintaining effects than initiating -Placebo effects can also help us tell if disorders are a result of a psychological factors such as increasing hope and expectations or conditioning effects 34. Interactions of Psychological Factors and -Psychological factors can directly affect levels of neurotransmitter -The structure of neurons themselves can be changed by 7 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j Neurotransmitter Systems learning and experience during development and effects continue throughout our lives 35. Conditioning and Cognitive Processes -Classical and Operant conditioning paradigms facilitate the learning of the relationship among events in the environment, thus this type of learning enables us to develop working ideas about the world that allows us to make more appropriate judgements 36. Learned Helplessness People become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do so in reality) Knowing you can escape from a situation changes how you feel 37. Social Learning: Modeling/Observational Learning, Prepared Learning *M/OL*: Learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequences *PL*: Ability adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others. - Preparedness is a concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others. For example, phobias related to survival, such as snakes, spiders, and heights, are much more common and much easier to induce in the laboratory than other kinds of fears. 38. Clinical Assess- Systematic evolution and measurement of psychological, ment biological and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder 39. Diagnosis A process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder 40. Four Types 1) Mental Status Exam: gives basic idea of overall picture of Psychological of the patient, including issues that may or may not seem Assessment (4) as important to the patient as to the the children 8 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 2) Clinical Interview: Structured/unstructured (SCID) in DSM-5; go methodically through diagnostic criteria for all major illnesses 3) Questionnaires: Individuals can fill out at home, online, or in waiting room 4) Behavioral Observations: Videotape or watch in natural setting; experimental design 41. The Clinical Interview: The Mental Status Exam (5) Covers 5 categories: 1) Appearance & Behavior 2) Thought Process 3) Mood & Affect 4) Intellectual Functioning 5) Sensorium 42. Appearance & Behavior, Thought Process (the clinical interview) *A&B*: Clinician notes any unusual physical behaviors 43. Mood & Affect *M*: Predominant feeling state of the individuals *TP*: Listen to how patients think and talk to hear for patterns (e.g. schizophrenia) *A*: the feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point 44. Intellectual Functioning, Sensorium *IF*: Rough estimate of intelligence; verbal and performance domains *S*: Our general awareness of our surrounding 45. Semi-Structured Questions that have been carefully set up and worded Clinical to elicit important information in a consistent manner Interviews (weakness: if structure is too rigid, can inhibit obtaining information) 46. 9 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j Why are there Many psychological problems presenting as disorders physical exami- may have a relationship to a temporary toxic state from nations for peo- eating bad food, etc.. ple with disorders? 47. Behavioral Assessment Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context (direct observation) 48. The ABCs of Ob- *A*: Antecedent (what happens before) servation *B*: Behavior *C*: Consequence 49. Self-monitoring (in the case of treatment) Action by which clients observe and record their own behaviors as either an assessment of a problem and its change or a treatment procedure that makes them more aware of their responses 50. Psychological Testing (3) Includes specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder and to assess long-standing personality features 3 types: 1) Projective testing 2) personality inventories 3) intelligence testing 51. Projective Test- Presents ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumption ing (Psychologi- that their responses can reveal their unconscious conflicts cal Testing) (controversial) EX: Rorcharch inkblot test 52. Personality in*PI*: Self-report questionnaire that assess personal traits ventories, Intelli- by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply gence Testing to themselves *IT*: estimating IQ 53. 10 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j What is *NT*: Assessment of brain and nervous system functionNeuropsycholog- ing by testing an individual's performance on behavioral ical testing and tasks (useful for detecting organ damage) what does it asses? Neuropsychological tests assess: broad base of skills and abilities, brain-behavior relations, assets and deficits (memory, attention, planning abilities, impulsivity, intellectual) - Used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway -Raises concerns about false positives and false negatives 54. What are some different research approaches? (5) 1) Questionnaire based studies 2) Cognitive Studies 3) Neuroimaging 4) Animal Models 5) Genetics 55. Animal Models Critical component of research in psychopathology: - *Generic models* knockout mice allow the study of specific age, in isolation, to understand how they may contribute to mental illness -Studies of neurotransmitter function provide the information about *cellular mechanisms* needs to understand how to create new medications - *Behavioral models* human beings are very complex with incalculable influences from the environment accumulated over a lifetime, that make isolating specific effects difficult or impossible - *Development*: human beings take decades to develop making it very difficult to study, while animals such as fruit flies, mice, and rats develop over much shorter time periods 56. Genetics Research Techniques (3) Want to try to look at people with different amounts of genetic relatedness to see effects of genes: 1) *High Risk Studies* (longitudinally follow up children 11 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j who are thought to be genetically at risk) 2) *family studies* (environmental factors) 3) *twin studies* (allows us to see the difference between nature vs nurture) 57. Neuro imaging (6) 1) PET: injection of radioactive isotopes; tells you which brain areas are active 2) CT: x-rays of brain structure from all different angles 3) MRI: use magnetic fields to construct 3D structural images 4) fMRI: track changes in brain activity 5) CAT: x-ray of brain structure from all different angles 6) SPECT 58. Psychophysiological Assessment Measurement of changes in the nervous system reflecting psychological or emotional events such as anxiety, stress and sexual arousal (USES: EEG, ERP, GSR) 59. Strategies of Di- 1) Idiographic Strategy agnosing Psy2) Nomothetic Strategy chological Disorders (2) 60. Idiographic Strategy A close and detailed investigation of an individual emphasizing what makes that person unique (tailor treatment to individual) 61. Nomothetic Strategy Identification and examination of large groups of people with the same disorder to note similarities and develop general laws -Tries to assign objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics 62. Nosology, Nomenclature *NOS*: Classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena *NOM*: in a naming system (nosology), the actual labels or names that are applied 12 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 63. Categorical and *Classical Categorical Approach*: assumes that every diDimensional Ap- agnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, proaches and that each disorder is unique; a categorical division is imposed at the point at which it seems useful to initiate treatment (ex: if you have 4 or more of the symptoms, then you are diagnosed with: *Dimensional Approach*: Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than on a binary, either-or, or all-or-none basis (no cutoff value); allows us to think about causal factors also operating on those with sub-thresholds levels of a disorder in the general population 64. Prototypical Ap- System for categorizing disorders using both essential, proach defining characteristics and range of variation on other characteristics (not the best) 65. Familial Aggres- Extent to which a disorder would be found among a sion patient's relatives 66. Human Genome Ongoing project to develop a comprehensive map of all Project human genes 67. Endophenotypes Genetic mechanism that contributes to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders 68. Proband In genetic research, the individual displaying the trait or characteristics being studied 69. Genetic Linkage Study that seeks to match the inheritance pattern of a disAnalysis order to that of a genetic marker; establishes the location of the gene responsible for the disorder 70. The difference *A*: future oriented mood state characterized by apprebetween Anxiety hension due to not being able to predict or control an and Fear upcoming event *F*: Immediate emotional reaction characterized by 13 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j strong escapist action tendencies and also flight or fight response 71. Anxiety - "The essential features of anxiety disorders are excessive and enduring fear, anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats, and can also include panic attacks" - Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune.; self-focused attention - Anxiety may involve feelings, behaviors and physiological responses (unease in the brain is reflected in the elevated heart rate and muscle tension) 72. Anxiety is associated with some cognitive biases (4) 1) Selective attention to threat 2) Misinterpretations of neutral experiences as threatening 3) Overestimation of bad events in the future 4) Personalization of negative events 73. Fear - Primitive, basic emotion with behavioral act of fight or flight-an instantaneous response necessary for survival - Emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life-threatening emergencies (flight or fight response) 74. Panic Sudden, overwhelming fright or terror *Panic Attack*: abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by several physical symptoms, such as dizziness and heart palpitations Expected and unexpected attacks 75. Glucocorticoid Effects (ex: cortisol) - Increase plasma glucose levels - Inhibit the immune system - Inhibit digestion and excretion - Inhibit swelling and induce analgesia - These responses generally are ones that would be adaptive to exhibit in the face of a significant stress (like 14 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j an attack) - Adrenal glands -> epinephrine and norepinephrine 76. Causes of Anxi- 1) *Biological Contributions*: We know there isn't a single ety and Related gene that causes it; area of brain associated with anxiety Disorders (the limbic system) 77. Behavioral InBrain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat hibition System signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety. When (BIS) activated, our tendency is to freeze, experience anxiety and apprehensively evaluate the situation to confirm that danger is present 78. Flight or Fight System (FFS) Brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm-and-escape response resembling human panic (Brain stem -> midbrain structures -> ventromedial nucleus of hypotha -> central gray matter) 79. Psychological Contributions for Anxiety May develop from upbringing and other disruptive or traumatic environmental factors (ex: parental involvement) 80. Anxiety Sensitiv- Tendency to respond fearfully to anxiety symptoms beity cause its hard to separate conditioning and cognitive explanation in panic (emotional response associated with internal and external cues; seeing these cues instills more fear even with no evidence of danger present) 81. Social Contribu- Stressful social life events can trigger biological/psychotions for Anxiety logical vulnerabilities to anxiety 82. Triple Vulnerabil- 1) Generalized biological vulnerability ity Theory (3): an 2) Generalized psychological vulnerability integrated model 3) Specific psychological vulnerability 83. Comorbidity of Comorbidity = the co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders Anxiety and Re- in a single individual lated Disorders Shows that disorders share common features and vulnerabilities, but they are triggered differently 15 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 84. Generalized Anx- Characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, iety Disorder chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness. -In order to be diagnosed: must be at least 6 months of excessive anxiety and worry; difficult to turn off or control the worry process, being easily fatigued, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance Most common anxiety disorder 85. Treatment of -Both drug and psychological: *Benzodiazepines* (can Generalized Anx- impair cognitive and motor functioning - highly addictive) iety Disorder and *Cognitive Behavioral Treatment* (confrontation and coping methods) 86. Causes brought by Generalized Anxiety Disorder (4) 1) Show less responsiveness on most physiological measures, cardiac vagal tones, leading to autonomic inflexibility (autonomic restrictors) 2) Allocate more attention to move readily sources of threat (especially if personal) 3) Develop early onset of uncontrollability/danger in important life events 4) Significant stress make apprehensive and vigilante -> leads to worry 87. Panic Disorder *PD*: Recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied and Agorphobia by concerns about future attacks and/or lifestyle change to avoid future attacks *A*: Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult 88. In order to be diagnosed with Panic Disorder or Agoraphobia: *PD*: person must experience an unexpected panic attack and develop substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack; implications of the attack or its consequences (each attack is like impending doom) 16 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j *A*: Marking someone or some place as "safe" with no special characteristics in place 89. Nocturnal Panic - Occurs more often between 1:30am - 3;30am -Happens after a few hours of falling asleep -Most wake up with the feeling that they are dying because the "transition" between sleep states is a frightening sensation to an individual with panic disorder -Caused by "learned alarm" conditioning -Treatment: drugs affecting noreadrenergic serotonergic or GABA; CBT (slow exposure) 90. Causes brought 1) Generalized biological vulnerability (Alarm reaction to by Panic Disor- stress) der (4) 2) Anxiety sensitivity: tendency to perceive anxiety as harmful (75% of PD patients high on this; Personal history of illness or injury e.g. respiratory; Vicarious observation of illness or injury) 3) Conditioning (learned helplessness) 4) Generalized psychological vulnerability (Anxiety about future attacks, hypervigilance, Increase interoceptive awareness) 91. Panic Disorder Treatment (5) 1) Psychological (Psychoeducation) 2) Exposure - based (situational and interoceptive) e.g. Crowds, Hyperventilate 3) Cognitive restructuring (What's the likelihood that I will have a heart attack? How likely is it that i will get in a car crash?) 4) Relaxation 5) High degree of efficacy 92. Specific Phobia Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that and its 4 types markedly interferes with daily functioning 1) *Blood-Injection-Injury* 2) *Situational Phobia* 3) *Natural environment Phobia* 4) *Animal Phobia* 93. 17 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j Blood-Injection-Injury, Situational Phobia, Natural Environment Phobia, Animal Phobia *BII*: irrational fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection victims experience fainting and drop in blood pressure *SP*: Anxiety involving enclosed places or public transportation *NEP*: Fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water *AP*: Irrational fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life 94. The Causes (3) 1) Unusual Traumatic Event and Treatment 2) Fear of it happening again for Specific Pho- 3) Experiencing, observing, or being told about danger bias Treatment: need consistent exposure-based exercises 95. Separation Anxi- Excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will ety Disorder come to them or their parents while they are apart 96. Social Anxiety Disorder Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations In order to be diagnosed: -You must have marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in fear of being judged -Social situations already provoke fear/irrational fear -Persistent for 6+ months 97. Causes of So1) Preparing to fear angry, critical, or rejecting people cial Anxiety and 2) Experiencing true trauma Treatment (2) Treatment: CBT 98. Selective Mutism A rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech in a one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected (not that the child is incapable, just anxious) 18 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 99. Post-traumatic Enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exStress Disorder posure to severe helplessness - or fear-inducing threat. (PTSD) The victim re-experiences that trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal 100. In order to be diagnosed with PTSD: (5) 1) Exposure to a traumatic event during which an individual experiences or witnesses death, actually or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violation 2) Re-experienced event through memories and nightmares 3) Tries to avoid any trauma - numb to emotional responsiveness 4) Chronically over-aroused, quick to anger, and easily startled 5) Reckless and destructive behavior//dissociative behavior 101. Causes of PTSD 1) Someone experiencing trauma and develops a disor(6): der 2) Greater the vulnerability; the more likely to develop PTSD 3) Level of intelligence: high is less likely and low is more likely 4) Family instability 5) Social factors (less likely to develop if you have supportive group) 6) Damaged hippocampus: plays a role in HPA axis, learning, and memory 102. Treatment for PTSD 1) *Psychoanalytic Therapy*: reliving emotional trauma to relive emotional suffering, process intense emotions, and develop coping procedures to overcome disorder 2) *Imaginal Exposure*: Content of trauma and its associated emotions are worked through systematically 3) *Prolonged Exposure Therapy*: Develop narrative and exposure patients for an extended period of time to the image then reviewed 19 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 103. HPA Axis: how might it go wrong? May have hyper reactive HPA axis (ex: due to chronic early life stress). When functioning properly, it has an "off" mechanism, those loops might not work if not functioning right. - Hypothalamus controlled by balance of excitatory and inhibitory input, if there is not enough inhibitions, will be overactive 104. How to treat HPA Axis if gone wrong (pharmacologically): Benzodiazepines - GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in your brain, including in the hypothalamus - GABA (or a GABA agonist) binds to a site on the GABA-A receptor, and makes the neuron Less likely to fire, so HPA axis will be LESS stimulated 105. Adjustment Dis- Clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms orders in response to one or more specific stressors - the reaction to the stressor is greater than what is typical or expected for the situation or event. 106. Attachment Dis- Developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child orders is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults 107. Reactive Attach- Attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed bement Disorder havior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident 108. Disinhibited So- Condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoevcial Engagement er in approaching adults Disorder - A pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults 109. Obsessive -Com- Excessive thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive pulsive Disorder behaviors (compulsions). (a cumulation of anxiety disorders) 20 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j In order to be diagnosed with OCD: 1) Danger comes from thought image, or impulse that the clients attempts to avoid 2) Obsessions are intrusive and mostly nonsensical thoughts, images, or urges that the individual tries to resist or eliminate 110. 4 types of Obses- 1) *Symmetry/exactness/ "just right"*: The obsession is sions and Com- needing everything symmetrical, and the compulsion is pulsions needing to put things in a certain orders like a ritual 2) *Forbidden thoughts or actions*: the obsession is fear, and the urge to harm self or others and fears of offending GOD; the compulsion is checking, avoidance, and repeated request of assurance 3) *Cleaning/Contamination*: the obsession is germs and the compulsion is repetitive or excessive cleaning 4) *Hoarding*: the obsession is fear of throwing things away, and the compulsion is collecting/saving objects with little to no sentimental value 111. Causes for OCD 1) Can biological/genetic? (2) and its treat- 2) Early experiences taught them that some thoughts are ment dangerous and unacceptable because it can happen and its their fault Treatment: Clomipramine - re-uptake inhibitor of serotonin (highly addictive) 112. Body Dysmorphic Disorder Relatively normal looking people think they're so unattractive that they don't interact with others or function normally for fear that people will make fun of them because of their unattractiveness In order to be diagnosed: 1) Preoccupied with 1 or more imagined flow in physical appearance 21 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 2) Repetitive behaviors and mental acts 3) Preoccupation causes clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning 113. Causes and Treatments for Body Dysmorphic Disorder Drug that block re-uptake of serotonin and CBT 114. What is AbA branch of psychology focused on understanding unusunormal Psychol- al pattern of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions ogy? 115. What are some psychiatric disorders? Anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, mood disorders, neurodevelopmental disorders, and psychotic disorders 116. The Three Approaches for Understanding Mental Illness 1) *The Supernatural Tradition*: Deviance (battle of good vs evil), source of illness is from the devil, treatment was to drill holes in head to "release" demon 2) *The Biological Tradition*: the search for physical causes and treatments of mental illness; there are 4 bodily fluids (humors) blood, black bile, phlegm, and yellow bile. Disease meant too much of one humor. Treatment was to regulate environment, bleeding, and induced vomiting 3) *The Psychological Tradition*: Reflects the change towards viewing mental illness as having an environment, social, and interpersonal context. (Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism) 117. Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory 1870 1905 - the specific bacteria was identified 1940's - antibiotics proven to be successful treatment - Proved the existence of microbes in air. His pioneering studies laid the foundation for the modern-day understanding of diseases, their etiology as well as vaccine development. (this demonstrated that mental disorders can be caused by biological factors) 22 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 118. What is Psycho- -Disturbances in cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavlogical Disorder? ior (reflects psychological developmental, or biological dysfunction) -Unexpected in cultural context, outside cultural norm -Personal distress and/or substantial in functioning -Socially deviant behavior and conflict between individuals and society are not mental disorders unless it results in individual dysfunction 119. Models of Approach (2) 1) *One-Dimensional Models*: single cause, operating in isolation; linear casual model; mental disorders typically do not operate in this way 2) *Multidimensional Models*: Several independent factors contribute to the onset of a disorder; causes cannot be considered out of context or in isolation 120. How do we clas- DSM-5: outlines criteria for disorders, prototypes/typical sify Psychologi- disorders, uses categorical approaches to diagnosis cal Disorders? 121. Reliability, Valid- *R*: Degree to which a measurement is consistent ity, Standardization *V*: The degree to which a technique measures what it is designed to measure *S*: Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements 122. Phrenology The detailed study of the shape and size of the brain as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities - Taken seriously in victorian age but completely rejected by science by id 1800s 123. John Hughlings *JHJ*: Established "Jackson March" Pattern of seizure acJackson & Brod- tivity. Discovered (?) distinct pattern of progression follows mann's Regions the way the body is mapped in the motor cortex 23 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j *BR*: Microstructure of the cortex and diving the brain into specific areas 124. What implications does the idea of different brain regions having different functions have for our conceptualization of mental illnesses and how to treat them? - Disorders with different symptoms have problems in different parts of the brain - Finding out where in the brain produces certain systems can help us treat them 125. Why is finding genes so difficult? - Heterogeneity - different genes may be important in different families, gene pool - So many genes are involved, each may have a very small effect - Some genes may depend on environmental stressors (birth complications) to be expressed - Unaffected relatives may have some degree of genotypic risk 126. Interoceptive Conditioning (--> bodily sensation ’ conditioned fear ’ intensification) - Small changes in physical sensations can induce panic attack - Low levels of somatic sensations of arousal or anxiety become conditioned stimuli and thus early somatic components of the anxious response elicit significant bursts of panic - Giving patients with panic disorder CO2 can induce a panic attack 127. How might treatment for phobias look from a learning perspective? *Systematic desensitization*: gradually introduce individuals to things they fear (snakes, heights, small spaces, and so on). In order to extinguish the fear. May occur either by actual exposure to the feared stimuli, or imaged exposure 24 / 25 Psych 127B - Exam 1 (Karlsgodt) Study online at https://quizlet.com/_5gcb1j 25 / 25