Intro to Psychology Study Guide (PDF) - Exam Four Winter 2024

**[Introduction to Psychology ]** **[Study Guide ]** Exam Four Winter 2024 Location: Gymnasium December 12, 2024, 2-4pm Chapters 1-6, and 14 Approximately 70 M/C **[KEY TERMS]** **Chapter ONE What is Psychology?** My cats names psychology theory the scientific method history of psycholo...

**[Introduction to Psychology ]** **[Study Guide ]** Exam Four Winter 2024 Location: Gymnasium December 12, 2024, 2-4pm Chapters 1-6, and 14 Approximately 70 M/C **[KEY TERMS]** **Chapter ONE What is Psychology?** My cats names psychology theory the scientific method history of psychology Wilhelm Wundt introspectionism structuralism functionalism Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Behaviourism John Watson Rosalie Raynor B.F. Skinner Humanistic Psychology Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Cognitive psychology Stanley Milgram Study on Obedience to Authority (What type of research was done? What was found?) obedience deception confederate Bill Milgram Beagle Dog Study (What was done? What was found? What type of research is this?) descriptive research methods naturalistic observation laboratory observation case study survey advantages and disadvantages of each correlational research correlation coefficient correlation and causation Ethical guidelines experimental method hypothesis independent variable dependent variable extraneous variable experimental group control group The scientific method theory hypothesis operational definition Use of animals in research **Chapter TWO The Biology of Behaviour and Consciousness** Phineas Gage Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central nervous system Neurons Cell body Dendrites Axons Glial cells Myeline sheath The synapse Action potential Resting Potential Cameron Motte (hemispherectomy) Neurotransmitter Endogenous Exogenous Acetylcholine dopamine norepinephrine glutamate serotonin GABA endorphin Cerebral hemispheres Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal Lobe Wilder Penfield Motor Cortex Somatosensory Cortex Scanning Techniques EEG Brain Waves CT Scan MRI PET Split Brain Patients Corpus Callosum **Chapter THREE Sensation and Perception** Ben Underwood sensation perception sensory receptors sensory receptors bottom-up processing transduction adaptation absolute threshold difference threshold sensory adaptation some examples of absolute threshold difference threshold Weber's Law Perceptual set visible spectrum hue intensity the eye lens cornea retina rods cones colour blindness Trichromatic theory of Colour Vision opponent process theory Visual Cliff Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk Figure-ground Three principles of grouping (proximity, continuity, closure) Charles Limb hearing loss sensorineural hearing loss conduction hearing loss locating sounds frequency amplitude frequency theory place theory sound shadow touch gustation five basic tastes olfaction olfactory epithelium olfactory bulbs pheromones Monkey business illusion Selective attention Inattentional blindness Change blindness **Chapter FOUR States of Consciousness** Consciousness Altered states of consciousness biological rhythms circadian rhythms (examples) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Sleep theories: Why do we sleep? (Five reasons in total) melatonin owl lark Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep Four Stages of NREM Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Age and Sleep Sleep deprivation Are dreams symbolic? Dreams for Survival Theory Activation Synthesis Theory What are the top three dream themes? Why do we sleep? Parasomnias (List four) Major Sleep Disorders (List Three) Does everyone need 8 hours of sleep? Hypnosis Facts about hypnosis Psychoactive drugs Stimulants Hallucinogens Narcotics Depressants Drug dependence Withdrawal Psychological drug dependence Ecstasy Rising Documentary **Chapter FIVE Learning** Associative learning Cognitive learning Ivan Pavlov Classical Conditioning Conditioning process Neutral stimulus Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination Biological preparedness Little Albert Study Factors influencing Classical Conditioning Fear responses Environmental cues Food Cravings Taste aversions Operant Conditioning Law of Effect Operant Conditioning Skinner Box Shaping Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Negative punishment Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Schedules of reinforcement Fixed interval Variable interval Fixed ratio Variable ratio Problems with punishment Cognitive learning Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Study What was done? What was found? **[Chapter Six Memory]** Joshua Foer Baker's Paradox Elaborative Encoding Memory Palace Information processing model The three processes of memory (encoding, storage and retrieval) Sensory memory Short Term Memory chunking Long Term Memory How to improve memory Massed practice Spaced Practice Overlearning Method of loci (memory palace) **[Chapter Fourteen Social Psychology ]** Social psychology attitudes Fundamental attribution error Situational factors Dispositional factors Situational factors Demand characteristics Stanford Prison Experiment Philip Zimbardo Darley and Latane Bystander effect Altruism