PSYC2017 Lectures 6-10 PDF

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personality psychology personality theory big 5 personality traits psychology

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These lecture notes cover various aspects of personality psychology, including different theories on personality development and traits, like source traits, and various approaches. The notes also discuss different models of personality assessment, focusing on theoretical background and concepts. The documents include source traits and Big 5 model discussion.

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‭●‬ ‭Source traits = latent traits‬ ‭○‬ ‭Clusters of surface traits‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. apprehension: doubt, worry, guilt,‬ ‭self-blame, insecurity‬ ‭SPECIFICATION EQUATION‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ T‭ he Lexical approach to traits and personality = important‬ ‭traits will have a word encoded in language‬ ‭○‬ ‭F...

‭●‬ ‭Source traits = latent traits‬ ‭○‬ ‭Clusters of surface traits‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. apprehension: doubt, worry, guilt,‬ ‭self-blame, insecurity‬ ‭SPECIFICATION EQUATION‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ T‭ he Lexical approach to traits and personality = important‬ ‭traits will have a word encoded in language‬ ‭○‬ ‭Frequency of trait descriptor → importance of‬ ‭specific trait‬ ‭○‬ ‭Number of synonyms → importance of subtle‬ ‭differences‬ ‭○‬ ‭Cross-cultrual presence → universality of trait‬ ‭importance‬ ‭Cattell found less traits by elimination of synonyms‬ ‭○‬ ‭171 traits‬ ‭○‬ ‭36 surface traits‬ ‭○‬ ‭16 source traits/domains (16 PF)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Each has 2 ends to the scale‬ ‭■‬ ‭Eg. reasoning: abstract vs concrete‬ ‭■‬ ‭Based of factor analysis (FA)‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ L‭ -data (life recorded data): behavioural records, mosly by‬ ‭peer-rating‬ ‭Q-data (questionarie data): can easily be maipulated‬ ‭T-data (test data): objective tests in standardised‬ ‭conditions‬ ‭ ig-5: descriptions of behaviour via the lexical hypothesis‬ B ‭Five factor model (FFM): traits are causal entities‬ ‭Costa and Mcrae found 5 domains (not 16, as proposed by‬ ‭Cattell)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Possible reasons:‬ ‭■‬ ‭Oblique vs orthogonal‬ ‭■‬ ‭Simple structure: an item should have‬ ‭a strong correlation to 1 factor and‬ ‭weak to all others‬ ‭The Big-5 Domains (personility primaries)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Openness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Conscientiousness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Extraversion‬ ‭○‬ ‭Agreeableness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Neuroticism‬ ‭Good temporal stability (test-retest) and internal‬ ‭consistency‬ ‭○‬ ‭Problem for temporal stability: If everybody‬ ‭score 2 at first then 5 later, the correlation is 1‬ ‭NEUROTICISM‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭SOURCES OF DATA‬ ‭●‬ F‭ ocus on practicality rather than cause of personality‬ ‭Inability to replicate the 16PF‬ ‭Reliance on FA and statistics‬ ‭Contriversal points of view about evolution and racism‬ ‭THE BIG-5‬ ‭ attell: personality develops continuously from birth to‬ C ‭death‬ ‭Allport: personality develops in childhood and adultesense‬ ‭Freud (psychoanalytic theory): personality develops in‬ ‭infancy‬ ‭THE LEXICAL APPROACH‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ S‭ pecification equation = how to‬‭predict‬‭an individuals‬ ‭behaviour in a given situation‬ ‭DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY‬ ‭●‬ ‭CONS‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭PROS AND CONS‬ ‭Neuroticism = emotional (in)stability‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. emotional control, stress, negative affectivity‬ ‭Common facets:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Anxiety‬ ‭○‬ ‭Anger-hostility‬ ‭○‬ ‭Depression‬ ‭○‬ ‭Self-consciousness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Vulnerability (to stress)‬ ‭Observed behavioural correlates of high N (associations):‬ ‭○‬ ‭Poor marital/relational functioning‬ ‭○‬ ‭Impaired performance‬ ‭○‬ ‭Mood disorders‬ ‭Heritability index = 0.31‬ ‭○‬ ‭variance explained by genes‬ ‭EXTRAVERSION‬ ‭PROS‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭Major contribution to personality and intelligence theories‬ ‭○‬ ‭As well as other areas of psychology‬ ‭Developed first holistic psychometric assessment of‬ ‭personality = questionnaires‬ ‭Propsed state-trait dichotomy‬ ‭Data gave rise to the 5-factor model of personility‬ ‭PSYC2017‬ ‭●‬ E‭ xtraversion = the degree of social impact or engagement‬ ‭and positive affect‬ ‭Common facets:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Warmth‬ ‭○‬ ‭Activity‬ ‭○‬ ‭Excitement seeking‬ ‭○‬ ‭Enthusiasm‬ ‭○‬ ‭Cheerfulness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Assertiveness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Gregarious‬ ‭6‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭Observed behavioral correlates of high E:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ability to gain prominence in social organizations‬ ‭○‬ ‭Promiscuity‬ ‭○‬ ‭Accidents‬ ‭Heritability index = 0.36‬ ‭●‬ ‭Heritability index = 0.46‬ ‭AGREEABLENESS‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭Agreeableness = Maintaining positive relations with others‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. friendly compliance and conformity‬ ‭Common facets:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Trust‬ ‭○‬ ‭Straightforward‬ ‭○‬ ‭Altruism‬ ‭○‬ ‭Compliance (cooperation)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Modesty‬ ‭○‬ ‭Tender-minded (sympathy)‬ ‭Observed behavioural correlated of high A:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Conflict resolution‬ ‭○‬ ‭Greater social support‬ ‭○‬ ‭Low levels linked with psychopathy‬ ‭Heritability index = 0.28‬ ‭CONSCIENTIOUSNESS‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ onscientiousnes = responsibility and will to achieve‬ C ‭Common facets:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Competence‬ ‭○‬ ‭Order‬ ‭○‬ ‭Dutifulness‬ ‭○‬ ‭Achievement‬ ‭○‬ ‭Self-dicipline‬ ‭Observed behavioural correlates of high C:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Avoidance of risky behaviours‬ ‭○‬ ‭High academic achievement‬ ‭○‬ ‭Extremely high levels can result in dysfunctional‬ ‭perfectionism‬ ‭○‬ ‭Low levels are linked to criminal behaviour‬ ‭Heritability index = 0.28‬ ‭THE BIG-5 APPLICATION‬ ‭CROSS CULTURAL REPLICATION‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭PROFILING WITH NEO‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭OPENNESS‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ penness (to experience) = acquisition of social or‬ O ‭existential experiences and cognitive exploration‬ ‭○‬ ‭Least consensus about the domain’s meaning‬ ‭○‬ ‭AKA intellect‬ ‭Common facets:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Fantasy/imagination‬ ‭○‬ ‭Aesthetic appreciation and artistic interests‬ ‭○‬ ‭Appreciation of feelings‬ ‭○‬ ‭Unconventional‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ideas/curiosity‬ ‭○‬ ‭Creativity‬ ‭Observed behavioral correlates of high O:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Greater engagement with existential or spiritual‬ ‭challenges‬ ‭○‬ ‭Artistic or scientific expression‬ ‭○‬ ‭High levels associated with psychotic spectrum‬ ‭disorders‬ ‭PSYC2017‬ ‭Emic approach (data-driven)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Developed within each culture‬ ‭○‬ ‭Would we still get the Big-5 this way?‬ ‭Etic approach (expert-driven)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Developed in the English language and taken to‬ ‭other places to see if it fits‬ ‭○‬ ‭The back-translation approach (English → other‬ ‭languages → English)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Does a word mean the same thing in‬ ‭another language as it does in English?‬ ‭ greeableness and consciousness were added later‬ A ‭The individual facets within the domains can differ greatly‬ ‭○‬ ‭Ie. the responses to items‬ ‭Results from self-report vs reported by someone else can‬ ‭differ greatly‬ ‭○‬ ‭Trigagulating data = getting data from multiple‬ ‭sources‬ ‭CLINICAL AND CRIMINAL SCREENING‬ ‭●‬ ‭Nomothetic = the population‬ ‭○‬ ‭Individual’s severity against the norm‬ ‭○‬ ‭Screen for possible issues‬ ‭■‬ ‭Eg. Mental health issues‬ ‭7‬ ‭Normative data‬ ‭●‬ ‭Ideographic = the individual‬ ‭○‬ ‭Create individual profiles‬ ‭○‬ ‭Crosses over with nomothetic‬ ‭○‬ ‭What this person will do in this situation?‬ ‭■‬ ‭Cattell’s Specification Equation‬ ‭THE BIG-1‬ ‭●‬ ‭Personality can be distilled into a single number (GFP)‬ ‭ALTERNATIVE LEXICAL MODELS‬ ‭●‬ ‭All developed by FA‬ ‭THE ABRIDGED BIG-5 DIMENSIONAL CIRCUMPLEX‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭ ircular model mapped in a 2D plane forming a polygon‬ C ‭Many facets tend to cross-load onto 2 domains‬ ‭○‬ ‭Factors can be oblique (related)‬ ‭EVALUATION OF THE BIG-5‬ ‭PROS‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭OTHER BIG-‬ ‭CONS‬ ‭THE BIG-6‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭HEXACO‬ ‭○‬ ‭Includes honesty/humility domain‬ ‭■‬ ‭= a tendency to be fair and genuine‬ ‭Explains unaccounted variance in the Big-5‬ ‭THE BIG-2‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ omprehensive coverage: identifies both personality‬ C ‭structures and processes‬ ‭Testability: allows for clear testable predictions‬ ‭Heuristic value: stimulates and provokes research‬ ‭Empirical value: good cross cultural validity and temporal‬ ‭predictive ability‬ ‭Applied value: immediate applications in all sorts of‬ ‭domains‬ ‭●‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭Disagreement about exact number of domains‬ ‭○‬ ‭And about ‘openness’ domain‬ ‭Dimensions arent entirely orthogonal‬ ‭Need to be theoretically updated‬ ‭○‬ ‭Circulatory in logic‬ ‭■‬ ‭Traits cause behaviour → behaviours‬ ‭makeup traits‬ S‭ tability (alpha) = tendency to maintain stability and avoid‬ ‭disruption‬ ‭○‬ ‭Combination of N, A and C‬ ‭Plasticity (beta) = tendency to explore and engae flexibility‬ ‭○‬ ‭Combination of O and E‬ ‭Aspects = more specific than a domain and less specific than a facet‬ ‭PSYC2017‬ ‭8‬ ‭○‬ ‭THE DARK TRIAD‬ ‭●‬ ‭3 broad domains of personality‬ ‭○‬ ‭Antagonistic core (low agreeableness)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Evidence suggests these domains overlap‬ ‭○‬ ‭Sub-clinical levels exist in the general population‬ ‭■‬ ‭Trait does NOT = disorder‬ ‭●‬ ‭MACHIAVELLIANISM‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭NARCISSISM‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ arcissism = an egotistical preoccupation with self‬ N ‭Two facets:‬ ‭○‬ ‭Grandiose narcissism (healthy?)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Self-centred and genuine belief that‬ ‭they are special and great‬ ‭■‬ ‭Genuinely confident‬ ‭○‬ ‭Vulnerable narcissism (covert narcissism)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Defensive to any criticism, concerned‬ ‭about own adequacy‬ ‭■‬ ‭Worried they are not good enough,‬ ‭concerned about hiding this‬ ‭■‬ ‭Contains element of anxiety‬ ‭■‬ ‭Contingent self esteem‬ ‭Common measure = Narcissistic Personality Inventory‬ ‭(NPI)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. NPI: I am an extraordinary person‬ ‭Common‬‭faceted‬‭measure = Personality Narcissism‬ ‭Inventory (PNI)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Distinguishes between facets‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. PNI grandiose: I can usually talk my way out‬ ‭of anything‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. PNI: vulnerable: I often hide my needs for‬ ‭fear that others will see me as needy‬ ‭Clinical manifestation = narcissistic personailty disorder‬ ‭PSYCHOPATHY‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭ sycopathy = shallow emotional responses and‬ P ‭uninhibited behaviour‬ ‭○‬ ‭Low empathy, low guilt, high stress tolerence‬ ‭○‬ ‭Seeking stimulation activities resulting in‬ ‭impulsivity‬ ‭Primary psychopathy (more genetic, lower anxiety)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Callousness, shallow affect, manipulation and‬ ‭superficial charm‬ ‭Secondary psychopathy (more environmental, higher‬ ‭anxiety)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Impulsivity and lack of long-term goals, related‬ ‭to hostile behaviour‬ ‭Common measure: Levenson’s Self-report Psychopathy‬ ‭Scale‬ ‭PSYC2017‬ E‭ g. Primary: I enjoy manipulating other people’s‬ ‭feelings‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. Secondary: I am often bored‬ ‭ linical manifestation = antisocial personality disorder‬ C ‭○‬ ‭Formily sociopathy‬ ‭●‬ ‭Machiavellianism = manipulation and deceit‬ ‭○‬ ‭Disregard for morality‬ ‭○‬ ‭Focus on personal gain‬ ‭Common measures = MACH-4: 20 item self-report‬ ‭measure‬ ‭○‬ ‭Measured as a single domain (no facets)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. The best way to handle people is to tell them‬ ‭what they want to hear‬ ‭Machiavellianism = psychopathy???‬ ‭○‬ ‭Strongly associated‬ ‭○‬ ‭Debated in literature‬ ‭SADISM‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭Sadism as a personality trait?‬ ‭○‬ ‭Not in DSM-5 anymore‬ ‭Everyday sadism = a dispositional tendency to enjoy‬ ‭hurting others‬ ‭○‬ ‭Clinical manifestation = Sadistic Personality‬ ‭Disorder (removed from DSM-5)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Common measure = Sadistic Impulse Scale‬ ‭■‬ ‭Eg. Hurting people is exciting‬ ‭○‬ ‭Common test = Bug killing task‬ ‭■‬ ‭related to higher sadism‬ ‭DARK TRIAD EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY‬ ‭‬ ● ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ T‭ he dark triad are evolved traits with survival value‬ ‭Niche specialisation hypothesis‬‭= adaptive under certain‬ ‭circumstances‬ ‭Dark traits represent a fast ‘life history strategy’‬ ‭○‬ ‭Fast strategy (R-selected) = higher no. of‬ ‭offspring (focus = mating)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Reproductive effort‬ ‭■‬ ‭More advantageous for males‬ ‭○‬ ‭Slow strategy (K-selected) = higher no. surviving‬ ‭offspring (focus = parenting)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Somatic effort‬ ‭○‬ ‭Challenging environments favour fast strategy‬ ‭■‬ ‭Done by people with these traits as‬ ‭they live in a challenging environment‬ ‭Callous exploitation of others → Reproductive success‬ ‭○‬ ‭Low commitment‬ ‭○‬ ‭FAST STRATEGY‬ ‭9‬ ‭ADVANTAGES OF THE DARK TRIAD‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭Workplace behaviour‬ ‭○‬ ‭Counter-productive workplace behaviour (CWB)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Tactics for gaining power/reward‬ ‭■‬ ‭Narcissism and Machiavellianism = soft‬ ‭tactics‬ ‭●‬ ‭Eg. compliments‬ ‭■‬ ‭Psycopathy and Machiavellianism =‬ ‭hard tactics‬ ‭●‬ ‭Eg. threats‬ ‭Criminality (violent crime, white collar crime)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Linked most with psychopathy‬ ‭Emotional deficits‬ ‭○‬ ‭Greater difficulties with emotion regulation‬ ‭○‬ ‭Lower emotional intelligence‬ ‭■‬ ‭Apart from grandiose narcissism‬ ‭(might be higher)‬ ‭●‬ ‭DOMAINS, ASPECTS AND FACETS‬ ‭●‬ ‭6-2-1 Model‬ ‭○‬ ‭Used for job performance predictions‬ ‭■‬ ‭C = higher job performance‬ ‭■‬ ‭N = lower job performance‬ ‭■‬ ‭E = high job perfomance (sometimes)‬ ‭○‬ ‭While domains can be good predictors, aspects‬ ‭are better predictors‬ ‭■‬ ‭Except for conscientiousness, aspects‬ ‭predict same as domains‬ ‭Different levels of personality‬ ‭○‬ ‭Facets‬ ‭○‬ ‭Aspects‬ ‭■‬ ‭6 facets per domain (30 total)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Domains‬ ‭■‬ ‭5 domains‬ ‭○‬ ‭Super-factors‬ ‭■‬ ‭2 groups of correlated domains‬ ‭○‬ ‭General factor of personality (GFP)‬ ‭■‬ ‭Correlation between alpha and beta‬ ‭GENERAL FACTOR PERSONALITY THEORIES‬ ‭●‬ ‭●‬ ‭MODELS‬ ‭●‬ ‭Big-5 circumplex model (forms 10 circles)‬ ‭○‬ ‭Adjectives for high and low values of the trait‬ ‭○‬ ‭Eg. extraversion and agreeableness‬ ‭PSYC2017‬ ‭Evolved trait theory‬ ‭○‬ ‭Correlation between domains caused by‬ ‭evolutionary fitness of personality‬ ‭○‬ ‭Differences in GPF due to varying reproductive‬ ‭strategies‬ ‭○‬ ‭GPF → individual differences in reproductive‬ ‭strategies‬ ‭■‬ ‭Higher GFP = K-strategy > R-strategy‬ ‭○‬ ‭Evidence: positive association for ? and ?‬ ‭Method effect theory‬ ‭○‬ ‭Correlation between domains caused by people‬ ‭distorting their responses to sound good‬ ‭■‬ ‭Impression management = people lie‬ ‭to look better‬ ‭■‬ ‭Self-deceptive enhancement = people‬ ‭think they are beter than they are‬ ‭○‬ ‭Evidence: strong correlation between domains‬ ‭for:‬ ‭■‬ ‭Standard items > non-evaluative items‬ ‭■‬ ‭Fake good > answer honestly‬ ‭instructions‬ ‭10‬

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