Theories of Personality - PSYC-201 - PDF

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Polytechnic University of the Philippines | 2nd Year, 1st Semester 2 situational interpretations: INTRODUCTION 1. The objective (measurable) situat...

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Polytechnic University of the Philippines | 2nd Year, 1st Semester 2 situational interpretations: INTRODUCTION 1. The objective (measurable) situation Variables Influencing Individual Behavior 2. Person’s subjective view of the situation 1. The Person Personality – a relatively stable set of ○ Skills & abilities characteristics that influences an individual’s ○ Personality behavior. ○ Perceptions Relatively Stable – nagbabago pero maaaring ○ Attitudes nauulit ang ugali, kilos, o galaw. Tendency for us to ○ Values view the situation, how our environment conditions ○ Ethics us. What characteristics that affected us. 2. The Environment ○ Organization Big 5 Personality Traits ○ Work group Extraversion Gregarious, assertive, ○ Job sociable Agreeableness Cooperative, warm, ○ Personal life agreeable Behavior - influenced by the person and Conscientiousness Hardworking, organized, dependable environment. Emotional stability Calm, self-confidant, cool B = is the function (P,E) Openness to experience Creative, curious, cultured PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS PROPOSITIONS OF IN ORGANIZATIONS INTERACTIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Locus of Control Behavior - function of a continuous, multi-directional interaction between person and situation. Multidirectional - may gusto tayong iwasan, may gusto tayong i-engage sarili natin Person – active in process; changed by situations & changes situations. People vary in many characteristics. Pye Althea G. Candor | 1 1. Self-Efficacy - beliefs and expectations about ○ Emotional, motivational, and one's ability to accomplish a specific task cognitive processes that influence effectively. individual's feelings and actions Sources of self-efficacy The Person and the Situation - both the situation Prior experiences and prior success and the person influence behavior Behavior models (observing success) Individual's personality determines: Persuasion ★ How different he/she is from others Assessment of current physical & emotional ★ How he/she behaves in the different capabilities situations 2. Self-Esteem - feelings of Self Worth APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY Success - tends to increase self-esteem. 1. Psychoanalytic - unconscious mind is Failure - tends to decrease self-esteem. responsible for important differences in 3. Self-Monitoring - behavior based on cues from behavior styles. people & situations. 2. Trait/Personality - an individual lies along High self-monitors a continuum of various personality Flexible: adjust behavior according to the characteristics. situation and the behavior of others 3. Biological - inherited predispositions and can appear physiological processes contribute to unpredictable & inconsistent differences in personality. Low self-monitors 4. Humanistic - personal responsibility and act from internal states rather than from feelings of self-acceptance cause differences situational cues in personality. show consistency. 5. Behavioral/social learning - consistent less likely to respond to work group norms behavior patterns are the result of or supervisory feedback. conditioning and expectations. 6. Cognitive - people process information to PERSONALITY explain differences in behavior. Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal Examples: processes originating within the individual 1. Aggression Consistent patterns of behavior Psychoanalytic - unconscious self-destructive impulses manifest as aggression. ○ To an extent, individual behavior is consistent across time and situations Trait - stability of aggressive behavior. Intrapersonal processes 2 Biological - genetic predisposition towards Psychoanalytic: theorists focus on innate aggression. needs. Humanistic - aggression arises from interference Humanistic and cognitive: theorists typically with natural growth. downplay inherited influences. Behavioral/Social - learned behavior through reinforcement. Cognitive - environmental cues trigger aggressive thoughts and emotions. 2. Depression Psychoanalytic - result of unconscious anger. Trait - identifying depression-prone individuals. 2. Conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior Biological - genetic susceptibility. Psychoanalytic - much behavior is without Humanistic - low self-worth correlates with awareness. depression. Behavioral - misunderstanding reasons Behavioral/Social - lack of positive reinforcement. behind actions. Cognitive - interpretations of control influence Trait and cognitive theorists - ability to depression. self-identify anxiety. PERSONALITY AND CULTURE Humanistic - limited understanding of reasons for behavior. Cultural context influences an individual’s personality. It also influences interpretation of an 3. Free will versus determinism individual's behavior Behaviorists - behavior is not freely chosen Individualistic cultures - emphasize on individual but it is the result of environmental forces needs and accomplishments. Individuals perceive and accumulated history of experiences themselves as independent and unique (e.g., Psychoanalytic theorists - innate needs and Northern European countries, the U.S.). unconscious mechanisms Collectivist cultures - emphasize on belonging to a Humanistic theorists - identify personal larger group. (e.g., family, tribe, or nation, many choice and responsibility as the basis of Asian and African countries). mental health Trait theorists and biological theorists - STUDY OF PERSONALITY: THEORY emphasize genetic predispositions 1. Genetic versus environmental influences Cognitive psychotherapists - encourage their Biological and trait: theorists highlight inherited predispositions. clients to recognize the cause of their 3  problems and help them to develop Psychology researchers employ several strategies to avoid future difficulties methods to uncover information about STUDY OF PERSONALITY: APPLICATION personality Behaviorists structure the environment to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and decrease RESEARCH IN undesired behaviors. Personality theory and research is used by psychologists in educational, PERSONALITY Theory - general statement about the relationship organizational, and counseling settings. between constructs or events. Theories differ in the 1. Psychoanalytic - attend to unconscious range of events they explain. causes of problem behavior Characteristics of a Good Theory 2. Humanistic - provides atmosphere for Parsimonious: Explains the phenomenon in clients to express feelings simple terms. 3. Cognitive - changing the client’s way of Useful: Generates testable hypotheses. processing information Hypothesis - a formal prediction about the 4. Behaviorist - increase desired behaviors, relationship between two or more variables, decrease undesired behaviors\Personality logically derived from a theory. 5. Trait Theory - used in educational, a theory is rejected if empirical organizational, counseling settings investigations consistently fail to confirm its STUDY OF PERSONALITY: ASSESSMENT predictions. Researchers use self-report inventories to measure personality Independent Variable - determines how the groups Psychoanalytic psychologists focus on in an experiment are divided. learning unconscious thoughts Manipulated by the experimenter. ○ Require test takers to respond to Also called the treatment variable. ambiguous stimuli Dependent Variable - measured by the investigator Behavioral psychologists observe behavior to compare experimental groups. to determine consistent behavior patterns Also called the outcome variable. STUDY OF PERSONALITY: RESEARCH Interaction of Experimental Variables - the effect Test principles and assumptions of certain of one independent variable on the dependent researches are central to the theory variable may depend on another independent Few researches are focused on the concepts variable. introduced by personality theory Manipulated Independent Variable - large number of participants are randomly assigned to 4 groups. 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Assumes differences will even out between 2. Chi-Square Test groups. 3. Correlation Coefficient Nonmanipulated Independent Variable - exists Statistical Significance - the difference between without researcher intervention (e.g., age, gender). two averages is large enough that it likely wasn’t Participants are not randomly assigned. caused by chance. Difficult to establish cause-and-effect Effect Size Indicators - show the size of this relationships. difference. Prediction - accurate predictions arise from valid Reliability - consistency of test measurements. theories. Research aims to support a hypothesis. Test-retest reliability coefficient helps Hindsight - unexpected findings can inspire future measure consistency.\ hypotheses and research. Internal consistency ensures that all items on a test measure the same concept. Replication - examines different populations to see Validity -extent to which a test measures what it is if results apply more broadly. designed to measure. File Drawer Problem - significant effects are Types of Validity published, but non-significant findings are often not 1. Face Validity: Subjective judgment of reported. whether a test appears to measure what it claims. Case Study Method - in-depth evaluation of an 2. Congruent (Convergent) Validity: Scores individual, often a psychotherapy client. correlate with other measures of the same Researchers record the person's history, construct. current behavior, and changes over time. 3. Discriminant Validity: Scores do not Case studies are descriptive and help in correlate with unrelated measures. theory formation. 4. Behavioral Validation: Test scores should Strengths - illustrates aspects of theories and the predict relevant behavior effectiveness of therapies. Limitations - not generalizable to a broader population. Statistical Analysis of Data - different statistical tests are used depending on the data: 5  2. Ego - satisfies id impulses, but takes into SIGMUND FREUD: consideration the reality of the world. PSYCHODYNAMIC Actions are based on reality principle FREUD DISCOVERS THE UNCONSCIOUS 3. Superego - represents society's values and Studies in Hysteria, published by Freud and standards. Provides ideals to determine if a Breuer behavior is virtuous. Powerful superego ○ Case of Anna O. and use of hypnosis leads to moral anxiety. in treating hysteria Free association - description of hidden memories by patients that seemed related to the causes and cure of hysterical symptoms. Early traumatic sexual experiences were INSTINCTS responsible for hysterical symptoms Triebe - strong internal forces that motivate human expressed by adult patients behavior. Referred as drives or instincts. Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Categories of Instincts ○ Formed by Freud and his followers 1. Libido - life or sexual instinct most human behavior is attributed to TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL the life instinct Personality is divided into different levels of includes action aimed at receiving pleasure awareness 2. Thanatos - death or aggressive instinct 1. Conscious - thoughts a person is currently turned outward and expressed as aware of aggression against others. wish to die remains unconscious. 2. Preconscious - retrievable Information 3. Unconscious - thoughts that cannot be DEFENSE MECHANISMS easily brought into awareness (except under Techniques of ego to deal with unwanted thoughts extreme situations) and desires and reduce or avoid anxiety 1. Repression - active effort by the ego to push STRUCTURAL MODEL threatening material out of consciousness. Divides personality into the id, the ego, and the Requires constant expand of energy superego 2. Sublimation - channeling threatening 1. Id - personality structure at birth. Actions unconscious impulses into socially are based on pleasure principle and wish acceptable actions. The “positive” among all fulfillment. (ex. painting, poetry) 6  3. Regression - reverting to a previous stage of Adult personalities of people are greatly development in order to cope (ex. thumb influenced by the events of early childhood. sucking) Fixation - stagnation of psychic energy. Results 4. Displacement - transforming inappropriate when a child is unable to move through a particular behavior into appropriate behavior. stage Displaced impulses do not lead to social 1. Oral stage - first 18 months of life rewards. Primary erogenous zones - mouth, 5. Denial - refusal to accept that certain facts lips, and tongue exist. Extreme form of defense and makes a Feeding problems can result in person less realistic. fixation and development of an oral 6. Reaction formation - acting in a manner personality opposite to threatening unconscious desires. 2. Anal stage Reducing anxiety by adding acceptable Primary erogenous zone - Anal beliefs. region 7. Rationalization - people make excuses to Children are toilet trained avoid difficult information or to reduce Traumatic toilet training can result in cognitive dissonance. fixation and development of an anal ★ Sour graping - ignoring difficult personality information or pretending to dislike 3. Phallic stage - ages 3 to 6 something that someone else has. Primary erogenous zone - penis or ★ Sweet lemoning - trying to make clitoris negative situations seem positive. Oedipus complex - Children develop 8. Projection - attributing unconscious a sexual attraction for their impulse to other people. Frees a person from opposite-sex parent the perception that he/she is the one who Boys develop castration anxiety and holds the impulse. girls develop penis envy PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Eventually the children repress their desire for their opposite-sex parent. Sequence of development made up of stages 4. Latency stage characterized by primary erogenous zones and Sexual desires abate sexual desires. Boys and girls are uninterested in Each stage has a specific influence on the each other adult personality. 5. Genital stage - initiated at puberty 7  Primary erogenous zone - adult unconscious desires. It poses no threat to the genital regions ego. GETTING AT UNCONSCIOUS MATERIAL APPLICATION: PSYCHOANALYSIS Strong id impulses do not disappear when they are Psychoanalysis - focuses on bringing unconscious pushed out of consciousness material into conscious awareness. It is based on the Expressed in a altered form idea that unresolved unconscious conflicts and Unconscious thoughts can be noticed by desires can lead to psychological disorders, and by observing innocent behaviors. uncovering these, a patient can gain insight into Techniques to get unconscious material their condition and work toward resolution. 1. Dreams - provide id impulses with a stage Drawbacks: for expression. Trained psychoanalysts can Requires several hour-long therapy sessions identify common dream symbols Is expensive 2. Projective tests - assesses unconscious Maximum time is spent in getting at the material by asking test takers to respond to crucial unconscious material causing the ambiguous stimuli. disorder 3. Free association - used to temporarily Requires the therapist to actively interpret bypass the censoring mechanism employed the significance of client’s statements, by ego. Exposes strange, uncensored ideas behaviors, and dreams 4. Freudian slips - misstatements or slips of Resistance - the patient unconsciously tries to block the lounge. May represent unconscious the progress of therapy, often by avoiding painful or associations uncomfortable topics. 5. Hypnosis - allows the hypnotist to bypass the development of resistance is viewed as a the ego and get directly to unconscious sign that the therapy is making progress, as material. it indicates the patient is approaching crucial Drawback - not everyone is unconscious material. responsive Transference - occurs when the patient projects 6. Accidents - intentional actions stemming emotions associated with important figures from from unconscious impulses their past (such as parents or significant others) onto Resistance - deliberate effort by the the therapist. unconscious mind to cover it is a delicate and crucial part of threatening unconscious material psychoanalysis, as it provides insight into 7. Symbolic behavior - daily behaviors can be the patient’s relationships and unresolved interpreted as symbolic representations of emotions 8  by working through transference, the patient ○ No scientific basis for justifying the can gain deeper understanding and use of Rorschach scales in resolution of their issues. psychological assessment Countertransference - therapist’s emotional Reviewers find usefulness of the test when response to the patient, which can cloud their results from various studies are analyzed judgment and interfere with the therapy process. Newer systems for coding Rorschach It is generally inadmissible in responses are reliable than earlier methods psychoanalytic therapy, as it can distort the Usage of projective tests extends beyond therapist's objectivity. psychotherapy ○ Evaluation of social and emotional ASSESSMENT: PROJECTIVE TESTS adjustment 1. Rorschach inkblot test - predicts behavior ○ Psychologists working with law from responses to inkblots. Designed by enforcement and court officials Hermann Rorschach Validity of projective tests remains open to 2. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - test challenge takers are asked to tell a story about a series of ambiguous pictures. Designed by Henry STRENGTHS AND CRITICISMS Murray ★ Strengths 3. Human Figure Drawing test - measures ○ First comprehensive theory of human intelligence and important personality behavior and personality constructs. Used as an indicator ○ Freud’s observations set the direction psychological problems in children for subsequent personality theory and research ○ First system of psychotherapy ○ Freud’s techniques have become standard tools for many therapists ○ Promoted important psychological concepts ★ Criticisms ○ Writers argue that Freud’s ideas are not original Criticisms Freudian ideas appear in ○ Low indices of reliability and lack of literature that predates evidence for the validity of the test Freud’s work 9  ○ Hypotheses generated from the ○ All individual actions aim to theory are not testable establish a sense of superiority over ○ Disagreements with the points of life’s obstacles emphasis and tone of Freud’s theory ○ Excessive feelings of inferiority lead to inferiority complex NEO-FREUDIAN ○ Social interest combined with THEORIES superiority striving indicates mental health of a person LIMITS AND LIABILITIES OF FREUDIAN THEORY PARENTAL INFLUENCE ON Theorists rejected the idea that personality is PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT formed by experiences in the initial years of Parental behaviors that lead to problems in life children’s life Neo-Freudians argued that later experiences Pampering - robs the child of independence and are important in shaping personality adds to feelings of inferiority Freud failed to recognize the importance of Neglect - children who receive little attention from social and cultural forces in shaping their parents: individual personality. grow up cold and suspicious are incapable of warm personal relationships ALFRED ADLER: BIRTH ORDER INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY 1. First-born children Alfred Adler - developed the approach of Subjected to excessive attention from Individual Psychology parents Contributions to understanding of Arrival of second child ends the personality pampering ○ Notion of “striving for superiority” Strong perception of inferiority ○ Role of parental influence on 2. Middle-born children personality development Develop a strong superiority striving ○ Effects of birth order Highest achievers STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY Try hard to catch up with their older siblings Single motivating force that can subsume all 3. Last-born children other motives Pampered throughout their childhood ○ Individual’s begin life with feelings of inferiority 10  Vulnerable to strong inferiority Is based on examination of mythology, feelings cultural symbols, dreams, and the statements of schizophrenics. CARL JUNG: It is argued that collective unconscious is ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY same for everyone. First president of the International Psychoanalytic Association ERIK ERIKSON: PSYCHOSOCIAL Disagreement with Freud’s theory, resulted STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT in resignation from the association in 1914 Erikson’s stages of personality development Established analytic psychology continue from infancy to old age COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS Crisis - Turning points encountered by people in Part of unconscious mind personality development Constitutes of thoughts, images, and psychic Provides two directions in which to proceed characteristics that are difficult to bring into How a person resolves a crisis determines awareness the direction of his/her personality ○ Never repressed out of consciousness development ○ People inherit unconscious psychic Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development characteristics ○ Made up of primordial images referred as archetypes ARCHETYPES Anima - feminine side of the male Animus - masculine side of the female anima and animus guide the selection of a romantic partner and the course of the 1. Basic Trust Versus Mistrust subsequent relationship Trust - a child whose needs are met Shadow - negative side of personality develops a sense of basic trust. ○ located partly in both personal and Mistrust - infants who never receive collective unconscious the loving care they need develops a EVIDENCE FOR THE sense of basic mistrust COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS 2. Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt Does not consist of hard data from rigorous laboratory experiments. 11  Autonomy - allowing children to Intimacy - young people search for manipulate and control what they special relationship to develop encounter intimacy and grow emotionally ○ people with a sense of Isolation - people who fail to autonomy are confident develop intimacy face emotional Doubt - over protection of children isolation hinders development and lead to 6. Generativity Versus Stagnation shame and doubt Generativity - middle aged ○ children become dependent individuals develop a concern for on others guiding the next generation 3. Initiative Versus Guilt ○ parents raise their children Initiative - children who organize ○ adults without children play and participate in social activities an active role in raising develop a sense of initiative nieces and nephews Guilt - lack initiative feel guilt and Stagnation - adults who fail to resignation develop sense of generativity 4. Industry Versus Inferiority 7. Ego Integrity Versus Despair Industry - belief in one’s strengths Ego Integrity - people who look and abilities back on their lives with satisfaction ○ develops when children develop a sense of integrity experience success Despair - fail to develop a sense of Inferiority - lack of appreciation for integrity fall into despair and express one’s talents and skills contempt for others ○ develops when children encounter failure KAREN HORNEY: 5. Identity Versus Role Confusion FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY Identity - people with a sense of Studied Freud’s work and taught identity make decisions about psychoanalysis personal values and religious Founded American Institute for questions Psychoanalysis Role Confusion - failing to develop Important contributions a strong sense of identityIntimacy ○ Neurosis and feminine psychology Versus Isolation 12  ○ God is an unconscious father figure NEUROSIS generated to provide feelings of Neurotic - people who are trapped in a security self-defeating interpersonal style 2. Jung’s perspective prevents people from developing the social ○ Religion provides sense of purpose contact they unconsciously crave and security destructive interpersonal style is a defense ○ People across cultures inherit a God mechanism to ward off feelings of anxiety archetype in collective unconscious arises due to disturbed interpersonal ○ People seek psychotherapy when relationships during chiInteraction styles religion fails to provide reassurance adopted by neurotics to avoid ○ Modern religions have developed anxiety-provoking experiences practices to provide assurance ○ Moving toward people ○ Confession, absolution, and ○ Moving against people forgiveness ○ Moving away from people 3. Erich Fromm’s Perspective FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY ○ People turn to the powerful authority Introduced the concept of womb envy of church to escape a sense of ○ Men envy women’s ability to bear powerlessness and loneliness and nurse children ○ Authoritarian religions - People are ○ Men compensate their inability to under the control of a powerful God have children through achievement Deny people their personal in other domains identity In a society where men and women are free ○ Humanistic religions - God is a to become whatever they desire girls would symbol of our own power not want to be boys, or vice versa Provide an opportunity for personal growth APPLICATION: PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT THEORY AND RELIGION 1. Personal narratives: Narration of one’s 1. Freud’s perspective own life story, that requires describing ○ Religious behavior represents a form turning point scenes from one’s life of neurosis ○ Interviews are recorded and ○ Religion is a type of collective wish transcribed fulfillment 13  ○ Judges code stories according to ★ Criticisms preset criteria ○ Neo-Freudian theories are supported ○ Scores tend to be consistent over with questionable evidence time ○ Oversimplified or ignored important ○ Accuracy of the story and selective concepts remembering of scenes by participants draws criticism ABRAHAM MASLOW: 2. Generativity and life stories Maslow’s Assumptions ○ Personal narratives are useful for Human nature is basically good, not evil studying Erik Erikson’s stages of Normal human development involves the personality development actualization of this inherent goodness ○ Research indicates that number of Central Human Motive stories reflecting generativity theme ○ Self-Actualization increased during the midlife decades Psychopathology results from the frustration ○ Stories from highly generative adults of a human being’s essential nature contain: MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS ○ Increased themes about friendship, sharing, affiliation, and nurturance STRENGTHS AND CRITICISMS OF NEO-FREUDIAN THEORIES ★ Strengths ○ Elaboration of vital concepts ignored by Freud ○ Identification of social factors that influence the formation and change of personality ○ Optimistic and flattering picture of Nobody can do everything, but we can nearly all do humankind more than we think we can ○ Introduction of new concepts like identity crises, introverts, and inferiority complexes 14  THE 17 METANEEDS Increased identification with the human 1. Truth species 2. Goodness Improved interpersonal experiences More democratic character structure 3. Beauty High levels of creativity 4. Wholeness 5. Dichotomy-transcendence 6. Aliveness Peak Experiences - Ugliness can be present for so 7. Uniqueness long, you don’t notice it any more - but so can 8. Perfection beauty 9. Necessity 10. Completion A SHORT SCALE MEASURING 11. Justice SELF-ACTUALIZATION 12. Order ❖ I do not feel ashamed of any of my 13. Simplicity 14. Richness emotions. 15. Effortlessness ❖ I feel I must do what others expect me to do. 16. Playfulness (N) 17. Self-sufficiency ❖ I feel that people are essentially good and can be trusted. MASLOW’S DEFINITION OF A SELF-ACTUALIZED PERSON ❖ I feel free to be angry to those I love. 1. Has no mental illness ❖ It is always necessary that others approve of 2. Satisfied in basic needs what i do. (N) 3. Fully exploited talents ❖ I don’t accept my own weaknesses. (N) 4. Motivated by values ❖ I can like people without having to approve of them. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZING PERSONS ❖ I fear failure. (N) Superior perception of reality ❖ I avoid attempts to analyze and simplify Increased acceptance of self, of others, and complex domains. (N) of nature ❖ It is better to be yourself than to be popular. Increased spontaneity ❖ I have no mission in life to which I feel Increased detachment and desire for privacy especially dedicated. (N) Greater freshness of appreciation and ❖ I can express my feelings even when they richness of emotional reaction may result in undesirable consequences. Increased autonomy and resistance to ❖ I do not feel responsible to help anybody. conformity (N) Higher frequency of peak experiences 15 ❖ I am bothered by feelings of being 8. Find out who you are, what you like and inadequate. (N) don’t like, what is good and what is bad for ❖ I am loved because I give love. you, where you are going, what your mission is. Opening yourself up in this way EIGHT WAYS TO SELF-ACTUALIZE means identifying defenses - and then 1. Experience things fully, vividly, selflessly. finding the courage to give them up. Throw yourself into the experience; ROGERS’ & MASLOW’S concentrate on it fully; let it totally absorb HEALTHY PERSONALITIES you. Rogers Maslow’s 2. Life is an ongoing process of choosing between safety (out of fear ) and risk (for the ❖ More fully open ❖ Reality and to experience. problem-centere sake of growth: make the growth choice a Unafraid of own d. Accepting of dozen times a day. feelings. self. Unexpected 3. Let the self emerge. Try to shut out external ruthlessness. clues as to what you should think, feel, say ❖ More existential ❖ Spontaneity and and let your experience enable you to say living. simplicity. what you truly feel. Nondetermined, Freshness of independent. appreciation. 4. When in doubt, be honest. If you look into Discrimination yourself and are honest, you will also take between means and ends. Need responsibility; taking responsibility is for privacy. self-actualizing. ❖ Increased trust ❖ Acceptance of 5. Listen to your own tastes. Be prepared to be in one's own others. organism. More resistance to unpopular. creative, acculturation. 6. Use your intelligence. Work to do the things nonconformist Creative. Unhostile sense you want to do, whether that means finger of humor. More exercises at a keyboard, memorizing every intimate personal bone, muscle and hormone in the human relations. body, or learning to finish wood so it looks Social interest and feels like silk. 7. Make peak experience more likely: get rid LESSON of illusions and false notions; learn what you TOPIC are good at and what your potentialities are SUB-TOPIC not. 16 17