Psyc1000 Fall 2024 Lecture 7 Development Across The Lifespan PDF

Psyc1000 Lecture 7: Developing Through The Life Span Dr. Shannon Vettor Lecture Overview Developmental Psychology Central Questions Prenatal Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Socio-Emotional Development Death & Dying Developmental Ps...

Psyc1000 Lecture 7: Developing Through The Life Span Dr. Shannon Vettor Lecture Overview Developmental Psychology Central Questions Prenatal Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Socio-Emotional Development Death & Dying Developmental Psychology Study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan Central Questions Continuity Sources of development Plasticity Individual differences Active/Passive Research Strategies Cross-sectional Studies Measure individuals of various ages at one point in time and provide information about age differences Advantages and Disadvantages Longitudinal Studies Measure a single individual or group of individuals over an extended period and give information about age changes Advantages and Disadvantages  Periods of Development SCIEPRO/ Prenatal Conception to Birth Getty Images Infancy 0 – 2 years Early 2 - 6 years Childhood Middle 6 – 12 years Childhood Adolescence 12 – 18 years MOODBOARD/ SUPERSTOCK DESIGN PICS/SUPERSTO CK Prenatal Development Conception! Periods of Prenatal Development 1. Germinal period (period of the zygote) From conception through implantation 2. Period of the embryo From 3rd week through 8th week Formation of major organs 3. Period of the fetus From 9th week until birth (38 weeks) Organ systems begin to function Germinal Period 0 to 10/14 days Cleavage The mitotic division of the zygote into several cells Begins approximately 24 hours after conception Occurs about every 12 hours while the zygote travels down the fallopian tube Zygote travels towards the uterus Cell differentiation Inner: embryoblast Outer: trophoblast Embryonic Period 3-8 weeks Implantation of the blastocyst on the uterine wall Major organs form from the embryoblast Endoderm (inner layer) Mesoderm (middle layer) Ectoderm (outer layer) Fetal Period 9 weeks until birth A period of rapid growth and refinement of organ systems ORGANS BEGIN TO FUNCTION! Fetus becomes more responsive Behavior becomes increasingly regular and integrated Fetuses become viable Teratogens Any disease, drug, or environmental agent that can harm a developing embryo or fetus The Developing Brain 3 weeks after conception: Foundations of the nervous system begin to form Cells inside form the CNS; cells outside form the PNS Neurons are being born as soon as the neural tube starts to form Circuit Formation Axons and dendrites begin sprouting by week 15 in the fetus These “processes” begin forming connections called synapses Overproduction – many more synapses are produced than will be used Synapse pruning Experience determines which synapses will live or die Myelination Myelin is a lipid/protein substance produced by supporting cells (glia) Myelin insulates axons so that signals can travel faster Physical Development - Infancy Physical Development - Adolescence Ages 12 to 20 Begins at puberty Development of sex characteristics Primary = reproductive Secondary = non-reproductive Main landmarks Women: menarche Men: production of sperm Physical Changes in Adulthood Stages of adulthood: Young adulthood: 20-45 Middle adulthood: 45-60 Late adulthood: 60-death Life Span The maximum age possible for members of a given species Cellular-clock theory Wear-and-tear theory Life Expectancy The number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live Cognitive Development Cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating  Piaget and Cognitive Development Schema A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Assimilation The process of interpreting new information in terms of existing schemas Accommodation The process of modifying existing schemas in response to new information Changing Schemas of the Earth Changing Schemas of the Earth 5th grade Preschool Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory 6 Concrete operational (6-12 years) Sensorimotor Stage Birth to nearly 2 years Explore the world with their senses Development of object permanence Realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched directly Development of stranger anxiety Preoperational Stage About 2 to 7 years Able to represent things with words and images but too young to perform mental operations (e.g., imagining an action and mentally reversing it) Egocentrism Inability to take the perspective of another person Preoperational Stage Theory of mind People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states False Belief Task Concrete Operational Stage 7 to 11 years Children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. They begin to understand changes in form before changes in quantity. They begin to understand simple math and conservation.  Formal Operational Stage 12 years through adulthood Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning A B C Premises All poodles are dogs. All dogs are animals. Conclusion Therefore, all poodles are animals Development Declines With Age Aging and Intellectual Functions Memory and Forgetting Cognitive abilities do not inevitably decline. But… Social-Emotional Development  Parenting Styles PARENTING High Low TRAITS Responsiveness Responsiveness High Demandingness Authoritative Authoritarian (Confrontive) (Coercive) Low Demandingness Permissive Neglectful (Unrestraining) (Uninvolved) Attachment Emotional tie with another person — shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Infants form attachments not just because parents gratify biological needs, but also because they are comfortable, familiar, and responsive. Body contact is one key to attachment. Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow researched with monkeys on attachment behaviour Styles of Attachment Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation A caregiver-infant “separation and reunion” procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child’s attachment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU Identified four types of attachment in children: Secure Attachment The baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion Insecure Attachment Avoidant Resistant Disorganized/disoriented  Consequences Form internal working models Resistant Emotional highs and lows the attachment patterns we develop as Obsessive preoccupation infants may carry over into similar Extreme sexual attraction/jealousy patterns in our adult romantic Very willing to commit relationships. Conflicts Most upset; negative (women) Secure Little support to partners in need Believe in romantic love Avoidant Fear of Intimacy Satisfying relationships Love is doomed to fade Happiness, friendliness, mutual trust, Conflicts enduring Least warm and supportive (men) Sought support by hinting, sulking Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning Moral Reasoning – the way people think and try to solve moral dilemmas 1. Preconventional Level Morality judged in terms of reward and punishment 2. Conventional Level Morality judged in terms of social order and approval 3. Postconventional Level Morality judged in terms of abstract principles, like equality and justice  Heinz Dilemma In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the What would same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000 -- ten times what the drug cost him to you do? make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could get together only about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, "No, I Why? discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So, having tried every legal means, Heinz gets desperate and considers breaking into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. 35 Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning Problems Effect of culture Behaviour vs. reasoning Dying and Death Death aversive society? Elisabeth Kübler-Ross proposed Health improvements five stages in approaching death Now world events 1. Denial 2. Anger Coping with death 3. Bargaining Intense when unexpected 4. Depression No pattern or length for grieving 5. Acceptance Support important Successful Aging 39 MIDTERM 2 NEXT WEEK! In-person: Thursday, November 7th; DTR100 12:00-1:30pm Hybrid: Saturday, November 9th; CHA 9:30-11:00am