Experience Human Development (2021) PDF

Human E X P E R IE N CE Development FOURTEENTH EDITION Diane E. PAPALIA Gabriela MARTORELL EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, FOURTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2021 by McGraw-Hil...

Human E X P E R IE N CE Development FOURTEENTH EDITION Diane E. PAPALIA Gabriela MARTORELL EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, FOURTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2021 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions ©2015, 2012, and 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 20 ISBN 978-1-260-72660-2 (bound edition) MHID 1-260-72660-6 (bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-78867-9 (loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-78867-9 (loose-leaf edition) Senior Portfolio Manager: Ryan Treat Product Development Manager: Dawn Groundwater Marketing Managers: Augustine Laferrera, Olivia Kaiser Content Project Managers: Mary E. Powers (Core), Jodi Banowetz (Assessment) Buyer: Susan K. Culberton Design: Beth Blech Content Licensing Specialist: Jacob Sullivan Cover Image: Anton Khrupin/Shutterstock Compositor: Aptara, Inc. All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Papalia, Diane E., author. | Martorell, Gabriela, author. Title: Experience human development/Diane E. Papalia, Gabriela Martorell. Other titles: Human development Description: Fourteenth edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019031554 (print) | LCCN 2019031555 (ebook) | ISBN 9781260726602 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781260788679 (spiral bound) | ISBN 9781260788709 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Developmental psychology. | Developmental psychobiology. Classification: LCC BF713.P35 2021 (print) | LCC BF713 (ebook) | DDC 155—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031554 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019031555 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered  about the authors Diane E. Papalia As a professor, Diane E. Papalia Gabriela Alicia Martorell was born in Seattle, taught thousands of undergraduates at the Univer- Washington, but moved as a toddler to Guatemala. sity of Wisconsin–Madison. She received her At eight, she returned to the United States and bachelor’s degree, majoring in Psychology, from lived in Northern California until leaving for her un- Vassar College and both her master’s degree in dergraduate training at the University of California, Child Development and Family Relations and her Davis. After obtaining her bachelor’s degree in Ph.D. in Lifespan Developmental Psychology from Psychology, she earned her Ph.D. in Developmen- West Virginia University. She has published nu- tal and Evolutionary Psychology with an interdisci- merous articles in such professional journals as plinary emphasis in Human Development from the Human Development, International Journal of Aging University of California, Santa Barbara. She now and Human Development, Sex Roles, Journal of works as a Full Professor of Psychology at Virginia Experimental Child Psychology, and Journal of Wesleyan University and serves as the chair of the Gerontology. Most of these papers have dealt with Institutional Review Board. Gabi maintains an her major research focus, cognitive development active teaching schedule and teaches courses in from childhood through old age. She is especially Introductory Psychology, Lifespan Human interested in intelligence in old age and factors Development, Infant Development, Child Develop- that contribute to the maintenance of intellectual ment, Adolescent Development, Culture and functioning in late adulthood. She is a Fellow in Development, Evolutionary Psychology, Research the Gerontological Society of America. She is the Methods, Original Research Project, and Capstone coauthor of Human Development, now in its 11th community-based learning courses in Early Child- edition, with Sally Wendkos Olds and Ruth Duskin hood Education and Adulthood and Aging. She is Feldman; of Adult Development and Aging, now in committed to teaching, mentoring, and advising. its 3rd edition, with Harvey L. Sterns, Ruth Duskin She recently concluded a 5-year longitudinal Feldman, and Cameron J. Camp; and of Child National Science Foundation grant focused on the Development: A Topical ­Approach with Dana retention of higher education students from tradi- Gross and Ruth Duskin ­Feldman. tionally underrepresented groups in science, tech- nology, engineering, and math. She is also a volunteer trainer for Court Appointed Special Advocates and a group fitness instructor for the YMCA of South Hampton Roads.     iii To Charles Robert Zappa, with love. To my grandmother Alicia. I don’t know that I can aspire to your kindness and generosity, but I hope to someday be as wise.  brief contents About the Authors iii Preface xvi 1 About Human Development 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood 1 The Study of Human Development 2 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in part part Emerging and Young Adulthood 382 2 Theory and Research 20 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood 410 2 Beginnings 3 Forming a New Life 48 7 Middle Adulthood part 4 Birth and Physical Development during 15 Physical and Cognitive Development in the First Three Years 86 part Middle Adulthood 438 5 Cognitive Development during the First 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Three Years 124 Adulthood 466 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years 158 8 Late Adulthood 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in 3 Early Childhood part Late Adulthood 496 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in part 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Early Childhood 192 Adulthood 528 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 228 9 The End of Life 19 Dealing with Death and 4 Middle Childhood part Bereavement 556 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in part Middle Childhood 256 McGraw-Hill Psychology APA 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle ® Documentation Style Guide Childhood 292 Glossary G-1 Bibliography B-1 5 Adolescence Name Index I-1 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in part Adolescence 320 Subject Index I-31 12 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence 352 v  contents About the Authors iii Preface xvi 1 About Human Development Perspective 2: Learning 27 part Perspective 3: Cognitive 29 Perspective 4: Contextual 32 Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological 33 Research Methods 34 Quantitative and Qualitative Research 35 Sampling 35 Forms of Data Collection 36 Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research 37 Basic Research Designs 38 LightField Studios/Shutterstock Developmental Research Designs 42 chapter 1 Ethics of Research 45 The Study of Human summary and key terms 46 Development 2 Window on the World Purposes of Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field 3 Cross-Cultural Research 40 Studying the Life Span 3 Human Development Today 3 2 Beginnings The Study of Human Development: part Basic Concepts 4 Domains of Development 4 Periods of the Life Span 5 Influences on Development 8 Heredity, Environment, and Maturation 8 Contexts of Development 9 Normative and Nonnormative Influences 14 Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods 15 The Life-Span Developmental Approach 17 summary and key terms 18 Window on the World Immigrant Families 13 Research in Action Baby Talk 16 narikan/Shutterstock chapter 2 chapter 3 Theory and Research 20 Basic Theoretical Issues 21 Forming a New Life 48 Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? 22 Conceiving New Life 49 How Fertilization Takes Place 49 Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? 22 What Causes Multiple Births? 49 Theoretical Perspectives 23 Mechanisms of Heredity 50 Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic 24 The Genetic Code 50 vii  What Determines Sex? 51 Growth Patterns 105 Patterns of Genetic Transmission 52 Nutrition 106 Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities 56 The Brain and Reflex Behavior 107 Genetic Counseling and Testing 60 Early Sensory Capacities 114 Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity Motor Development 116 and Environment 61 Milestones of Motor Development 116 Studying Heredity and Environment 61 Motor Development and Perception 118 How Heredity and Environment Work Together 62 Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity of Perception 119 and Environment 65 How Motor Development Occurs: Thelen’s Dynamic Systems Theory 120 Prenatal Development 67 Cultural Influences on Motor Development 121 Stages of Prenatal Development 67 Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors 73 summary and key terms 122 Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors 80 Window on the World Malnutrition: The First 1,000 Days 108 Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development 81 Research in Action Autism 111 Disparities in Prenatal Care 81 summary and key terms 84 chapter 5 Research in Action Epigenetics: Identical Cognitive Development Twins That Aren’t Identical 55 during the First Three Years 124 Window on the World Prenatal Care Studying Cognitive Development 125 around the World 83 Behaviorist Approach 125 Classical and Operant Conditioning 125 chapter 4 Infant Memory 126 Birth and Physical Development Psychometric Approach 127 during the First Three Years 86 Testing Infants and Toddlers 127 Childbirth and Culture: How Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Birthing Has Changed 87 Environment 128 The Birth Process 89 Early Intervention 128 Stages of Childbirth 89 Piagetian Approach 130 Electronic Fetal Monitoring 90 Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage 130 Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery 90 Imitation 132 Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery 91 Object Concept 133 The Newborn Baby 92 Symbolic Development, Pictorial Competence, and Understanding of Scale 134 Size and Appearance 92 Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 135 Body Systems 92 Medical and Behavioral Assessment 93 Information-Processing Approach 135 States of Arousal 94 Habituation 135 Tools of Infant Research 136 Complications of Childbirth 96 Perceptual Processes 136 Low Birth Weight 96 Information Processing as a Predictor Postmaturity 100 of Intelligence 138 Stillbirth 100 Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities 138 Survival and Health 100 Evaluating Information-Processing Research 142 Infant Mortality 100 Cognitive Neuroscience Approach 143 Immunization for Better Health 104 Social-Contextual Approach 143 Early Physical Development 104 Language Development 144 Principles of Development 104 viii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  Sequence of Early Language Development 145 3 Early Childhood Characteristics of Early Speech 149 part Variations In Language Development 149 Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate 150 Influences on Early Language Development 151 Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud 153 summary and key terms 155 Research in Action Infants, Toddlers, and TV 139 Window on the World Literacy and Children’s Books 154 kali9/E+/Getty Images chapter 6 chapter 7 Psychosocial Development Physical and Cognitive during the First Three Years 158 Development in Early Foundations of Psychosocial Development 159 Childhood 192 Emotions 159 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 193 Temperament 163 Early Social Experiences: the Family 167 Aspects of Physical Development 193 Bodily Growth and Change 193 Gender 168 Sleep Patterns and Problems 193 Developmental Issues in Infancy 170 Brain Development 196 Developing Trust 170 Motor Skills 196 Developing Attachments 170 Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Health and Safety 198 Mutual Regulation 175 Obesity 198 Social Referencing 175 Undernutrition 199 Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood 177 Food Allergies 200 The Emerging Sense of Self 177 Oral Health 200 Development of Autonomy 178 Deaths and Accidental Injuries 201 Moral Development: Socialization and Internalization 179 Health in Context: Environmental Influences 201 Relationships with Other Children 182 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 205 Siblings 182 Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Peers 183 Child 205 Children of Working Parents 183 Advances of Preoperational Thought 205 Effects of Maternal Employment 183 Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought 208 Early Child Care 184 Theory of Mind 210 Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect 186 Information-Processing Approach: Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood 186 Memory 213 Contributing Factors: An Ecological View 187 Basic Processes and Capacities 214 Helping Families in Trouble 188 Recognition and Recall 215 Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment 188 Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories 215 summary and key terms 189 Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Research in Action Postpartum Depression and Early Approaches 216 Development 176 Traditional Psychometric Measures 216 Window on the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Influences on Measured Intelligence 217 Necessary? 179 Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory 218 CONTENTS  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ix  Language Development 219 summary and key terms 254 Vocabulary 219 Research in Action The Adaptive Nature of Grammar and Syntax 219 Play 241 Pragmatics and Social Speech 220 Window on the World Age Segregation versus Private Speech 220 Mixed-Age Play 253 Delayed Language Development 220 Preparation for Literacy 221 Media and Cognition 221 4 Middle Childhood Early Childhood Education 222 part Types of Preschools 222 Compensatory Preschool Programs 223 The Child in Kindergarten 224 summary and key terms 225 Research in Action Food Security 199 Window on the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life 203 chapter 8 Adam Gray/Barcroft Images/Barcroft Media/Getty Images Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood 228 chapter 9 The Developing Self 229 Physical and Cognitive The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development in Middle Development 229 Childhood 256 Self-Esteem 230 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 257 Regulating Emotions 231 Understanding Emotions 232 Aspects of Physical Development 257 Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt 233 Height and Weight 257 Tooth Development and Dental Care 257 Gender 233 Nutrition 258 Gender Differences 233 Sleep 258 Perspectives on Gender Development 234 Brain Development 259 Play 240 Motor Development and Physical Activity 260 Cognitive Levels of Play 241 Health, Fitness, and Safety 262 The Social Dimension of Play 242 Obesity and Body Image 262 Gender and Play 243 Other Medical Conditions 264 Culture and Play 244 Accidental Injuries 266 Parenting 244 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 266 Forms of Discipline 245 Piagetian Approach: The Parenting Styles 247 Concrete Operational Child 266 Special Behavioral Concerns 248 Cognitive Advances 267 Relationships with Information-Processing Approach: Planning, Other Children 251 Attention, and Memory 270 Sibling Relationships 251 The Development of Executive Functioning 270 The Only Child 252 Selective Attention 271 Playmates and Friends 253 Working Memory 271 The Development of Memory Strategies 272 x EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  Psychometric Approach: Assessment of summary and key terms 318 Intelligence 273 Window on the World Bullying: A Worldwide The IQ Controversy 273 Problem 312 Influences on Intelligence (IQ) 274 Research in Action Children’s Is There More Than One Intelligence? 275 Experiences with Terrorist Attacks 317 Other Directions in Intelligence Testing 278 Language and Literacy 278 Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax 278 5 Adolescence Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication 279 part Second-Language Learning 279 Becoming Literate 280 The Child in School 281 Influences on School Achievement 281 Educating Children with Special Needs 285 Children with Learning Problems 285 Gifted Children 287 summary and key terms 289 Research in Action Barbie Dolls and Girls’ Body Image 263 SolStock/E+/Getty Images Window on the World Culture and IQ 276 chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence 320 chapter 10 Adolescence: A Developmental Transition 321 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence as a Social Construction 321 Middle Childhood 292 Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks 321 The Developing Self 293 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 322 Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems 293 Puberty 322 Industry versus Inferiority 293 How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes 322 Emotional Growth 294 Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity 323 The Child in the Family 295 Implications of Pubertal Timing 325 Family Atmosphere 295 The Adolescent Brain 326 Family Structure 298 Sibling Relationships 304 Physical and Mental Health 328 Physical Activity 328 The Child in the Peer Group 305 Sleep Needs and Problems 329 Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations 305 Nutrition and Eating Disorders 329 Gender and Peer Groups 306 Use and Abuse of Drugs 333 Popularity 306 Depression 335 Friendship 307 Death in Adolescence 336 Aggression and Bullying 308 Mental Health 313 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 337 Common Emotional Problems 313 Aspects of Cognitive Maturation 337 Treatment Techniques 315 Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations 337 Resilience 316 Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought 338 CONTENTS  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xi  Language Development 340 6 Emerging and Young Adulthood Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory 340 part An Ethic of Care: Gilligan’s Theory 343 Prosocial Behavior 343 Educational and Vocational Issues 344 Influences on School Achievement 344 Dropping Out of High School 347 Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations 349 summary and key terms 350 Window on the World Culture and Cognition 339 Research in Action Teens and Media Multitasking 348 nycshooter/Vetta/Getty Images chapter 12 chapter 13 Psychosocial Development Physical and Cognitive in Adolescence 352 Development in Emerging and The Search for Identity 353 Young Adulthood 382 Identity versus Identity Confusion 353 Emerging Adulthood 383 Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment 354 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 383 Gender Differences in Identity Formation 355 Health and Fitness 383 Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation 355 Health Status and Health Issues 383 Sexuality 357 Genetic Influences on Health 384 Sexual Orientation and Identity 357 Behavioral Influences on Health and Fitness 385 Sexual Behavior 360 Indirect Influences on Health 390 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 362 Mental Health Problems 392 Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing 364 Sexual and Reproductive Relationships with Family, Issues 393 Peers, and Adult Society 366 Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 393 The Myth of Adolescent Rebellion 366 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 394 Adolescents and Parents 367 Menstrual Disorders 395 Adolescents and Siblings 372 Infertility 395 Adolescents and Peers 372 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 396 Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 377 Biological Influences 377 Perspectives on Adult Cognition 396 Beyond Piaget: New Ways of Thinking in Environmental Influences 378 Adulthood 396 Long-Term Prospects 378 Schaie: A Life-Span Model of Cognitive Preventing and Treating Delinquency 379 Development 398 summary and key terms 380 Sternberg: Insight and Know-How 399 Window on the World Culture and Emotional Intelligence 399 Discretionary Time 368 Moral Reasoning 400 Research in Action Teen Dating and Culture and Moral Reasoning 401 Technology 376 Gender and Moral Reasoning 401 xii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  Education and Work 401 7 Middle Adulthood The College Transition 402 part Entering the World of Work 405 summary and key terms 407 Window on the World Internet Use around the World 388 Research in Action In Vitro Fertilization 397 chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Digital Vision/Alamy Stock Photo Adulthood 410 chapter 15 Emerging Adulthood: Patterns and Physical and Cognitive Development Tasks 411 Varied Paths to Adulthood 411 in Middle Adulthood 438 Identity Development in Emerging Adulthood 412 Middle Age: A Social Construct 439 Developing Adult Relationships with Parents 413 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 440 Personality Development: Four Physical Changes 440 Views 415 Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 440 Normative-Stage Models 415 The Brain at Midlife 442 Timing-of-Events Model 417 Structural and Systemic Changes 443 Trait Models: Costa and McCrae’s Five Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning 443 Factors 417 Physical and Mental Health 447 Typological Models 419 Health Trends at Midlife 448 Foundations of Intimate Relationships 420 Behavioral Influences on Health 448 Friendship 420 Socioeconomic Status and Health 449 Love 421 Race/Ethnicity and Health 450 Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles 422 Gender and Health 450 Single Life 422 Stress in Middle Age 454 Gay and Lesbian Relationships 423 Emotions and Health 455 Cohabitation 424 Mental Health 456 Marriage 426 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 456 Parenthood 429 Men’s and Women’s Involvement in Measuring Cognitive Abilities in Middle Age 456 Parenthood 429 Schaie: The Seattle Longitudinal Study 457 Parenthood and Marital Horn and Cattell: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 458 Satisfaction 430 The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition 458 Dual-Income Families 431 The Role of Expertise 459 When Marriage Ends 432 Integrative Thought 459 Divorce 432 Creativity 460 Remarriage and Stepparenthood 434 Characteristics of Creative Achievers 460 summary and key terms 435 Creativity and Age 461 Window on the World Popular Wedding Work and Education 461 Traditions across Cultures 428 Work and Retirement Age 461 Research in Action Intimate Partner Work and Cognitive Development 462 Violence 433 The Mature Learner 462 CONTENTS  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xiii  summary and key terms 463 8 Late Adulthood Window on the World Cultural Differences in part Menopause 445 Research in Action Andropause and Testosterone Replacement Therapy 446 chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood 466 Looking at the Life Course in Middle Age 467 Change at Midlife: Theoretical Approaches 467 Dave and Les Jacobs/Blend Images LLC Trait Models 467 Normative-Stage Models 468 chapter 17 Timing of Events: The Social Clock 469 Physical and Cognitive The Self at Midlife: Issues and Themes 471 Development in Late Is There a Midlife Crisis? 471 Adulthood 496 Identity Development 472 Old Age Today 497 Psychological Well-Being and Positive Mental The Graying of the Population 497 Health 475 Young Old to Oldest Old 499 Relationships at Midlife 478 Theories of Social Contact 478 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 500 Relationships, Gender, and Quality of Life 479 Longevity and Aging 500 Consensual Relationships 480 Trends and Factors in Life Expectancy 501 Marriage 480 Why People Age 502 Cohabitation 480 How Far Can the Life Span Be Extended? 504 Divorce 481 Physical Changes 506 Marital Status, Well-Being, and Health 482 Organic and Systemic Changes 506 Gay and Lesbian Relationships 483 The Aging Brain 507 Friendships 484 Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 508 Relationships with Maturing Children 485 Sleep 511 Adolescent Children 485 Sexual Functioning 511 When Children Leave: The Empty Nest 485 Physical and Mental Health 512 Parenting Grown Children 486 Health Status 512 Other Kinship Ties 487 Chronic Conditions and Disabilities 512 Relationships with Aging Parents 487 Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity 513 Relationships with Siblings 490 Mental and Behavioral Problems 515 Grandparenthood 490 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 519 summary and key terms 493 Aspects of Cognitive Development 519 Research in Action Midlife Career Change 473 Intelligence and Processing Abilities 520 Window on the World The Global “Sandwich Memory and Aging 522 Generation” 489 Wisdom 525 xiv EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS  summary and key terms 526 9 The End of Life Window on the World Elder Care part Worldwide 499 Research in Action The Oldest Old 505 chapter 18 Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood 528 Theory and Research on Personality Development 529 Erik Erikson: Normative Issues and Tasks 529 The Five-Factor Model: Personality Traits in Old Age 529 Daniel Allan/Getty Images Well-Being in Late Adulthood 531 chapter 19 Coping and Mental Health 532 Dealing with Death and Models of “Successful,” or “Optimal,” Aging 535 Bereavement 556 Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging 537 The Many, Changing Meanings of Death Work and Retirement 537 and Dying 557 How Do Older Adults Fare Financially? 540 The Cultural Context 557 Living Arrangements 540 The Mortality Revolution 557 Personal Relationships in Late Life 544 Care of the Dying 559 Theories of Social Contact and Social Support 545 Facing Death and Loss 559 The Importance of Social Relationships 545 Physical and Cognitive Changes Preceding Death 559 The Multigenerational Family 546 Confronting One’s Own Death 560 Marital Relationships 546 Patterns of Grieving 561 Long-Term Marriage 546 Attitudes about Death and Dying across the Life Span 562 Widowhood 548 Significant Losses 565 Divorce and Remarriage 548 Surviving a Spouse 565 Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships 549 Losing a Parent in Adulthood 566 Losing a Child 567 Single Life 549 Mourning a Miscarriage 567 Cohabitation 550 Gay and Lesbian Relationships 550 Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues: The “Right to Die” 568 Friendships 551 Suicide 568 Nonmarital Kinship Ties 551 Hastening Death 570 Relationships with Adult Children 551 Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and Death 575 Relationships with Siblings 552 Reviewing a Life 575 summary and key terms 553 Development: A Lifelong Process 576 Window on the World Aging Stereotypes summary and key terms 576 Worldwide 538 Window on the World Cultural Variations Research in Action Elder Abuse 544 in Funeral Customs 558 Research in Action Physician-Assisted Suicide 574 ® McGraw-Hill Psychology APA Documentation Style Guide Glossary G-1 Bibliography B-1 Name Index I-1 Subject Index I-31 CONTENTS  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xv  EXPERIENCE THE preface Human Side Experience Human Development helps students experience the human side of development by exposing them to culture and diversity, immersing them in practical application, and helping them study smarter through personalized learning and reporting. Experience Human Development takes a practical approach to research and recognizes that just as people develop in their own way, your students also learn in their own ways. ® McGraw-Hill Education Connect is a digital assignment and assessment platform that strengthens the link between faculty, students, and coursework, helping everyone accomplish more in less time. Connect Lifespan Development includes assignable and assessable videos, quizzes, exercises, and interactivities, all associated with learning objectives. Interactive assignments and videos allow students to experience and apply their understanding of psychology to the world with fun and stimulating activities. A Personalized Experience That Leads to Improved Learning and Results How many students think they know everything about human development but struggle on the first exam? Students study more effectively with Connect and SmartBook. Connect’s assignments help students contextualize what they’ve learned through application, so they can better understand the mate- rial and think critically. Connect reports deliver information regarding performance, study behavior, and effort so instructors can quickly identify students who are having issues or focus on material that the class hasn’t ­mastered. xvi of Development SmartBook™ personalizes student learning to individual student needs, continually adapting to pinpoint knowledge gaps and focus learning on topics that need the most attention. Study time is productive and, as a result, students are better prepared for class and coursework. For instructors, SmartBook tracks student progress and provides insights that can help guide teaching strategies. New to this edition, SmartBook Is now optimized for mobile and tablet and is accessible for students with disabilities. Content-wise, it has been enhanced with improved learning objectives that are measurable and observable to improve student outcomes. Apply Concepts and Theory in an Immersive Learning Environment An engaging and innovative learning game, Quest: Journey Through the Lifespan, provides students with opportunities to apply content from their human development curriculum to real-life scenarios. Students play unique characters who range in age and make decisions that apply key concepts and theories for each age as they negotiate events in an array of authentic environments. Additionally, as students analyze real-world behaviors and contexts, they are exposed to different cultures and intersecting biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. Each quest has layered replayability, allowing students to make new choices each time they play—or offering different students in the same class different experiences. Fresh possibilities and outcomes shine light on the complexity of and variations in real human development. This new experiential learning game includes follow-up questions, assignable in Connect and auto-graded, to reach a higher level of critical thinking. PREFACE  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xvii  Real People, Real World, Real Life At the higher end of Bloom’s taxonomy (analyze, evaluate, create), the McGraw-Hill Milestones video series is an observational tool that allows students to experience life as it unfolds, from infancy to late adulthood. This groundbreaking, longitudinal video series tracks the development of real children as they progress through the early stages of physical, social, and emotional development In their first few weeks, months, and years of life. Assignable and assessable within Connect Lifespan Development, Milestones also includes interviews with adolescents and adults to reflect development through the entire life span. Prepare Students for Higher-Level Thinking Also at the higher end of Bloom’s taxonomy, Power of Process of Lifespan Development helps students Improve critical-thinking skills and allows instructors to assess these skills efficiently and effectively in an online environment. Available through Connect, preloaded journal articles are available for instructors to assign. Using a scaffolded framework such as understanding, synthesizing, and analyzing, Power of Process moves students toward higher-level thinking and analysis. xviii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PREFACE Inform and Engage on Psychological Concepts At the lower end of Bloom’s taxonomy, students are introduced to Concept Clips—the dynamic, colorful graphics and stimulating animations that break down some of psychology’s most difficult concepts in a step-by-step manner, engaging students and aiding in retention. They are assignable and assessable in Connect or can be used as a jumping-off point in class. Now with audio narration, this edition also includes new Concept Clips on topics such as object permanence and conservation, as well as theories and theorists such as Bandura’s social cognitive theory, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, Buss’s evolutionary theory, and Kuhl’s language development theory. Powerful Reporting Whether a class is face-to-face, hybrid, or entirely online, McGraw-Hill Connect provides the tools needed to reduce the amount of time and energy instructors spend administering their courses. Easy-to-use course management tools allow instructors to spend less time administering and more time teaching, while reports allow students to monitor their progress and optimize their study time. The At-Risk Student Report provides instructors with one-click access to a dashboard that identifies students who are at risk of dropping out of the course due to low engagement levels. The Category Analysis Report details student performance relative to specific learning objectives and goals, including APA learning goals and outcomes and levels of Bloom’s taxonomy. Connect Insight is a one-of-a-kind visual analytics dashboard—available for both instructors and students—that provides at-a-glance information regarding student performance. The SmartBook Reports allow instructors and students to easily monitor prog- ress and pinpoint areas of weakness, giving each student a personalized study plan to achieve success. PREFACE  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xix chapter-by-chapter changes This is a chapter-by-chapter list of topics that are new to this edition or have been substantially revised or updated. 1 The Study of Human 3 Forming a New Development Life Updated example on applied impact of New research added on the timing of the fertile psychological research on lives. window of conception. New metaphor added on how domains of Expanded and updated information on the development interact. causes and consequences of twins and Revised description of nature and nurture. multiple births in the United States and globally. Updated statistics on family composition in the United States, global and United States poverty Revised and updated research on sexual rates, and majority/minority group population differentiation. projections. Revised example of dominant/recessive Revised section on socioeconomic status. inheritance. New research added on risks to children raised Revised description and new example of in affluent families. multifactorial transmission of traits. New concept added: ethnic gloss. Revised and updated explanation of epigenetic processes with new examples. Updated Window on the World box. Updated statistics on rates of genetic and New Research in Action box on infant-directed chromosomal abnormalities in infants born to speech. different racial and ethnic groups and birthrates for children with Down syndrome in the United States. 2 Theory and Updated research on outcomes for people with Research Down syndrome. New Research in Action box on epigenetics. Expanded discussion on why theories are Revised explanation of heritability estimates revised when new evidence emerges. and canalization. Expanded discussion on qualitative change Updated obesity statistics and updated and the addition of an example. genetic and environmental risk factors for Expanded critique and review of Erikson’s obesity. theory of psychosocial development and its Revised and updated research on influences impact on the field. on intelligence. Expanded discussion of, introduction to, and Revised section on temperament and updated critique of learning perspectives. research on temperament influences. New example added for observational learning. Updated research on genetic and Revised introduction to Piaget. environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Expanded description of disequilibrium. New key terms added: cephalocaudal and New example added for scaffolding. proximodistal principles of development. Revised discussion of evolutionary and New research added on when fetuses can feel sociobiological approaches. pain. New key term added: operational definition. Revised and updated research on fetal Inclusion of updated research to illustrate perceptual and cognitive development. longitudinal design. Updated information on recommended weight New information added on the reproducibility gain and diet during pregnancy. crisis in the social sciences and the open New research added on calorie deficits and science movement. micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy. xx  New section added on opioid use and abuse Updated research on genetic and environment during pregnancy and neonatal abstinence triggers for SIDS. syndrome. Updated statistics on infant deaths from Updated research on caffeine intake, unintentional injuries. marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine use Updated statistics on global and U.S. childhood during pregnancy. immunization statistics and research showing Updated statistics on the risk of contracting no link between vaccines and autism. measles and maternal age in the United States. Updated research on eating patterns in infants Updated research on the influence of and toddlers. environmental hazards and advanced paternal Updated statistics and research on the age on pregnancy outcomes. prevalence of obesity in infants and toddlers Updated information on monitoring and risk factors for obesity. pregnancies, including new information on New Window on the World box on the effects of prenatal cell-free DNA scans, embryoscopy, malnutrition in the first 1,000 days of life. and umbilical cord sampling. Revised Research in Action feature on autism. Updated information on U.S. prenatal care Revised and updated section on myelination of disparities and fetal and infant mortality. the brain. New Window on the World box on prenatal Expanded section on pain perception in infancy. care around the world. Revised and updated research on the development of smell and taste and visually guided reaching. 4 Birth and Physical Development Revised, updated, and expanded research on during the First Three Years the development of hearing. Updated global and U.S. statistics on New research added on infants’ preference for complications of childbirth. faces. Updated statistics on cesarean delivery and Updated and expanded research on haptic the use of forceps during delivery in the United perception. States. Updated statistics and research on outcomes for women who attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). 5 Cognitive Development during New research added on the use of epidurals the First Three Years for pain relief during delivery. Revised and updated research on the use of Expanded material on doulas, including new operant training to test infant memory. research on improved outcomes and economic Updated research on correlates of the Home benefits associated with the use of doulas. Observation for Measurement of the New research added on developmental changes Environment (HOME) inventory and outcomes and cultural differences in sleep patterns, and of early intervention programs. outcomes associated with poor sleep. Revised and updated research on the Updated statistics on the prevalence of development of imitative abilities in young low-birth-weight babies. children. Revised and updated research on treatment Revised and reorganized research on the and immediate and long-term outcomes for object concept. preterm infants. New research added on children’s Updated statistics on the prevalence of postterm understanding of symbols presented in picture delivery and stillbirth in the United States. books, e-books, and television. Updated global and U.S. statistics on infant and Expanded and updated research on auditory maternal mortality. discrimination in fetuses and newborns and Updated statistics and research on racial and developmental processes in attention. ethnic disparities in infant mortality in the Updated research on core cognitive domains United States. in infancy associated with later IQ. Updated statistics on the prevalence of sudden Updated Research in Action box on the effects infant death syndrome (SIDS). of television viewing on infants and toddlers. New information added on the “triple risk” New research added on infant categorization model of SIDS. of language and music. CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xxi  Updated research on the development of an areas associated with inhibition and the understanding of causality in infants. development of self-regulatory strategies. Expanded description of how violation-of- Revised and updated research on gender expectations research has allowed researchers differences in infants and toddlers, with new to investigate naïve principles of physics in research added on differences in social infants. behavior, sex-typed toy preferences, and the Revised and updated research on the role of prenatal androgen exposure. development of number sense in infants. Revised and updated research on parental Expanded defense of violation-of-expectations influences on gender, with new research research and the existence of cognitive added on implicit messages and expanded modules and core systems of knowledge. research on cultural differences in fathers’ interactions. New information added on the application of the Vygotskian approach to early childhood New research added on neurological correlates education. of parental attachment history, and cardiac and Expanded definition of phonemes and added hormonal correlates of interactional synchrony new example. in parent-child interactions. Revised Research in Action box on postpartum Revised and updated information and research on the development of phonemic perception and depression. understanding structural features of language. Updated and expanded research on the Expanded the information and research on development of self-awareness in the 2nd symbolic gestures in toddlers. year of life and successful socialization processes. Revised and updated research on first words. Revised and expanded section on siblings. New section added on variations in language development, including new research on deaf New information added on preschoolers’ and bilingual children. preferred playmates. Revised and updated research on brain Updated statistics on maternal labor force development and language, and the role of participation rates, early child care, child social interaction in language development. maltreatment in infancy and toddlerhood, and characteristics of abusive and neglectful Expanded information and research on child parents and families. directed speech (CDS) across cultures and the link between CDS and later language New research added on cultural influences on development. abuse and neglect. Added new Window on the World box on Revised and updated research on long-term literacy and children’s books. effects of maltreatment.  sychosocial Development P 7 Physical and Cognitive 6 Development in Early Childhood during the First Three Years Revised and expanded discussion of crying, Updated statistics on physical growth norms in with a greater focus on its functional nature. children. New research added on reciprocal positive Updated and expanded research and statistics exchanges between infants and adults. on sleep problems in children. Updated research and theory on the New research added on links between development of altruistic behavior in infants. sleepwalking, sleeptalking, and night terrors. Updated research on mirror neurons and new Updated and expanded research on critique added. nightmares, enuresis, and handedness. New section added on the development of New research added on correlates of motor collaborative activities and cultural transmission. coordination in childhood. Revised and updated section on the stability of Updated statistics on global and U.S. childhood temperament with new research added on obesity prevalence rates. cultural differences. Updated research on environmental influences Revised and updated research on goodness of fit. on obesity. Revised and updated research on behavioral Updated research and discussion on obesity inhibition, with an increased focus on brain prevention and intervention programs. xxii EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  Revised, updated, and expanded information Revised and updated theory and research on on undernutrition, including a new focus on the private speech. differentiation of stunting and wasting. Updated statistics on speech and language Revised Research in Action box on food disorders in children. insecurity. Revised and updated research and discussion Updated statistics on the prevalence of food on preparation for literacy. allergies in U.S. children. Revised, updated, and expanded research on Updated research and theory on the causes of media and cognition. food and skin allergies. New section added on oral health. Updated global and U.S. statistics on deaths and accidental injuries. 8 Psychosocial Development in Expanded information on car accidents and Early Childhood young children. New section added on cultural differences in Updated statistics on health insurance self-definition. coverage and racial, ethnic and socioeconomic Revised and updated research on contingent disparities in coverage for U.S. children. self-esteem. Updated information on the Affordable Care Revised and updated research on emotion Act and the repeal of the individual mandate. regulation, with added emphasis on cultural Revised Window on the World box on surviving differences. the first 5 years of life. Revised, updated, and expanded research on Updated statistics and research on understanding emotions and gender homelessness in U.S. children. differences in cognition. Updated statistics on U.S. children’s exposure New key term added: social emotions. to environmental pollutants. Revised and updated research on the influence New research added on children’s ability to of prenatal hormone exposure on gender reason causally, deception, children’s ability to development. lie, the influence of religion on children’s New research added on biological influences understanding of stories, the relationship in transgender gender development. between imagination and creativity, cultural influences on theory of mind development, and Revised discussion of evolutionary influences executive function. on gender. Revised and updated research on animism in Expanded and updated critique of Kohlberg’s children. analysis of cognitive influences on gender development. Revised, updated, and expanded research on children’s understanding of number. Updated critique of theories relating gender schema to gender-typing. New example added to illustrate theory of mind. Revised and updated research on family, peer, and cultural influences on gender-typing in Updated research on and revised discussion of children. theory of mind. Revised Research in Action box on the Updated research on children’s knowledge evolutionary significance of play. about thinking and mental states. Revised and updated research on the social New example added to illustrate false beliefs. dimensions of play, and gender and play. Updated research on children’s ability to Revised, updated, and expanded section on distinguish between appearance and reality. culture and play and corporal punishment, with Revised and updated research on individual an emphasis on bidirectionality between differences in theory of mind development. parent-child interactions and cultural Revised and updated theory and research on differences. genetic and environmental influences on Expanded critique of Baumrind’s model of intelligence, with an enhanced focus on parenting styles with a focus on cultural interactions. differences. Updated examples of the use of scaffolding in Revised and updated research on the childhood education. development of prosocial behavior. CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xxiii  New research added on cross-cultural New Window on the World box on the differences in levels of relational aggression. influence of culture on IQ scores. Updated statistics on only children in the Updated statistics on non-English-speaking United States and China. children in the United States. New Window on the World box on age New research added on the influence of segregation and mixed-age play in children. e-books on emerging literacy skills. Revised and updated research on the influence of self-efficacy, gender differences, parental involvement, socioeconomic status, and class size on academic achievement. 9 Physical and Cognitive Revised, updated, and expanded research on Development in Middle the influence of peer acceptance on academic Childhood achievement. Updated statistics on physical growth norms Updated information on U.S. government for middle childhood. regulatory processes and their effects on student academic achievement outcomes. Added new section on tooth development and dental care. Updated statistics on the number of U.S. children being homeschooled and in charter Revised, updated, and expanded research on and schools. nutrition and sleep in middle childhood. New research and critique added on the New research added on outcomes associated efficacy of homeschooling. with poor sleep quality. Updated U.S. statistics on media usage in Revised and updated research on brain classrooms, media use habits in children, the development in middle childhood. prevalence of learning disabilities, the use of Updated U.S. statistics on physical activity and special education services, and the number of trends in childhood obesity. gifted children in the public school system. Revised and updated research on recess and Updated global and U.S. statistics on the participation in organized sports. prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity Updated global and U.S. statistics on childhood disorder in childhood. overweight and obesity. Revised and updated research on the causes and outcomes of obesity. Revised Research in Action box on the influence of Barbie dolls on girls’ body image. 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood Updated research and discussion on childhood Revised and updated research on emotional obesity prevention and intervention programs. growth and coregulation, with expanded Revised and updated research on asthma content on cultural differences. prevalence rates and causes. Updated statistics and research on maternal New section added on childhood hypertension. employment and child care arrangements. Updated statistics on accidental injuries in Updated U.S. statistics on the number of middle childhood. children living in poverty, trends in family New section added on the understanding of structure, divorce rates, and single-parent, causality in middle childhood. cohabitating, and gay/lesbian families. Revised and updated research on the Revised and updated research on the effects development of categorization, number and of poverty and family conflict on children’s mathematics understanding, executive development, buffers for negative outcomes, functioning, and the influence of brain and immediate and long-term adjustment to development and race/ethnicity on divorce. intelligence. Revised and expanded research on children’s New research added on the influence of adjustment to custody and coparenting and training programs on working memory. outcomes associated with cohabitating Revised, updated, and expanded research on families. the development of metamemory processes Revised and updated research on outcomes and the influence of schooling on IQ scores. for children from single-parent families. xxiv EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  Updated statistics and research on research on neurobehavioral susceptibility to stepfamilies. social reward cues. Updated research on the development and New section added on physical activity in outcomes of children from gay and lesbian adolescence. families. Updated statistics on sleep patterns in Updated statistics on U.S. adoption, including a adolescence. review of social and economic changes Revised and updated research on sleep affecting trends in adoption. deprivation in adolescence. Revised and updated research on the Updated global and U.S. statistics on outcomes of adopted children. overweight and obesity in adolescence. Revised, updated, and expanded research on Revised and updated research on the sibling relationships. causes, consequences, and interventions Revised and updated research on prejudice in to address obesity in adolescence, body the peer group, sociometric popularity and image, body satisfaction, and risk factors for rejection, friendship in middle childhood, unhealthy weight control behaviors in physical and relational aggression, and risk adolescence. factors in bullying. Updated statistics on the prevalence of New section added on gender and peer anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge groups. eating disorder. Updated statistics and research on the New key term: binge eating disorder. influence of media violence on aggression. Updated research on the treatment of eating New Window on the World box on bullying disorders. around the world. Updated statistics on U.S. drug use and abuse Added new statistics and research on in adolescence, including information on cyberbullying. overall trends, dextromethorphan, legal and Updated statistics on the prevalence of mental illegal narcotics, alcohol, marijuana, and health problems in middle childhood. cigarettes, with new statistics added on the use of e-cigarettes. Updated and revised statistics and research and disruptive conduct disorders in middle Updated statistics on global trends in alcohol childhood. and tobacco use in adolescence. New information added on global rates of child New research added on brain changes in depression and updated statistics on the adolescence associated with alcohol use. prevalence of childhood depression in the Updated research on correlates of marijuana United States. use. New discussion added on the use of drug Updated statistics on the prevalence of therapy to address childhood emotional depression in U.S. adolescents. disorders. Updated research on risk factors and treatment options for depression. Updated global and U.S. statistics on adolescent mortality. 11 Physical and Cognitive Revised, updated, and expanded research on Development in Adolescence deaths from accidents and firearms in U.S. Revised and updated research on timing of adolescents. puberty and ethnicity. Updated statistics on and research for Updated statistics on the age at menarche in prevalence rates and risk factors of suicide. the United States. New section added on immature aspects of Revised, updated, and expanded research on adolescent thought. pubertal timing, with new research added on New Window on the World box on culture and the role of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. cognition. New section added on the implications of Expanded critique of Kohlberg’s theory of pubertal timing for physical and psychosocial moral reasoning. outcomes. Revised, updated, and expanded research on Revised, updated, and expanded research on prosocial development. brain changes in adolescence, including new CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER CHANGES  EXPERIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT xxv  Updated statistics on U.S. high school New research added on HPV vaccination rates, graduation rates and international risks, and benefits in U.S. adolescents. comparisons. Revised and updated research on risk factors Revised and updated research on the influence for teen pregnancy. of motivation and self-efficacy on academic Revised, updated, and expanded research on achievement. the impact of abstinence versus Revised, updated, and expanded research on comprehensive sexual education programs, gender differences in brain structure and with new information added on recent changes organization relevant to academic in funding priorities in the United States. achievement, the influence of parenting, New Window on the World box on culture and ethnicity, and peers on academic achievement. discretionary time in adolescence. New statistics added on trends in number of Revised and updated research on individuation doctoral degrees awarded to men and women and family conflict. in the United States and media use by New critique added on Baumrind’s model of adolescents and teachers. parenting styles. Revised, updated, and expanded research on Revised and updated research on the influence the influence of media use on cognitive of cohabitation and same-sex parenting, processes. maternal employment, sibling influences, and Updated statistics on U.S. high school dropout friendships in adolescence. rates, gender and vocational choice, and New section added on social media and student employment rates. electronic interactions. New statistics added on unemployment rates New Research in Action box on teen dating and median income by degree obtained. and technology. New Research in Action box on teens and Revised and updated research on romantic media multitasking. relationships. Updated statistics on teen dating violence. Revised, updated, and expanded research on 12 Psychosocial Development in biological influences in juvenile delinquency,