Psyc 325 Exam 5 Study Guide Fall 2013 PDF

**Psyc 325 Exam 5 FINAL: What to Study** I suggest that you write out the information listed below, and pay special attention to the diagrams suggested for study **Ch. 15** \- Know the 4 aspects of emotions - Feelings: private in your own head subjective - Actions: laughing crying etc -...

**Psyc 325 Exam 5 FINAL: What to Study** I suggest that you write out the information listed below, and pay special attention to the diagrams suggested for study **Ch. 15** \- Know the 4 aspects of emotions - Feelings: private in your own head subjective - Actions: laughing crying etc - Physiological arousal: somatic and autonomic responses that integrate with behavior - Motivation: coordinated responses to solve adaptive problems, seek out good emotion avoid bad \- Know the differences between the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard and Schachter theories of emotions - James-Lange - Emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes - Emotions differ due to different physiological responses - you see an aggressive dog, your pulse races, and you feel afraid because your pulse is racing - Emotions feel different b/c of different patterns of physiological activation - Cannon-Bard - Emotions occur when thalamus sends signals simultaneously to cortex and autonomic nervous system - autonomic changes following strong stimuli are similar across emotions---activation of flight or fight response no matter what stimulus is present. - Emotion and physiological response happen at same time - Schachter's cognitive: physiological responses are interpreted in terms of the stimuli - Emotional state results from interaction of physiological activation and cognitive interpretation - Feedback loop, constantly assessing our environment as environment changes so do emotional state and arousal \- Know Plutchik and Ekman's different emotions (8 each) - Putchik - Joy/sadness - Affection/disgust - Anger/fear - expectation/surprise - Ekman (facial expressions) - Anger - Sadness - Happiness - Fear - Disgust - Surprise - Contempt - embarrassment \- Know the regions that make up the Papez and Limbic systems - Papez (part of limbic) - Mammillary bodies - Anterior thalamus - Cingulate gyrus - Hippocampus - Fornix - Limbic (rest of limbic) - Amygdala - Olfactory bulb - basal forebrain nuclei \- Know the pathway by which the amygdala processes fear (Fig. 15.12) (listen to memo) 1. Taken in by sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.) 2. Info from sensory organs sent to thalamus (exception of smell) 3. Thalamus sends info to processing in sensory cortical areas can also send info to hippocampus 4. Send to lateral nucleus of amygdala (puts everything together) 5. info to basolateral nucleus 6. Lateral, basolateral, and accessory basal nuclei all send info to central nucleus of amygdala. The central nucleus is the "output zone". 7. Central nucleus sends info to central gray (emotional responses, such as crying or screaming), lateral hypothalamus (autonomic responses, such as increases in heart rate) and BNST (hormonal responses, such as release of norepinephrine) \- Know how androgens and serotonin function in aggression, and some evidence for their roles - Androgens seem to increase aggression - Aggression increases with onset of puberty when T rises, catration decreases aggression, T replacement restores it - Dominance can affect testosterone level- winner show higher levels than losers - Gender differences - Serotonin decrease aggression - Low serotonin found in humans in alcohol-induced violence or excessive military violence - Mice lacking gene to produce serotonin are hyper aggressive \- Know the 3 stages of the stress response and how the immune system attacks invaders such as viruses and bacteria - Alarm reaction - Autonomic activation, fight or flight - Adaption stage - Restore homeostatic balance - Exhaustion stage - Prolonged stress makes us more susceptible to diseases Cells of immune system that fight invaders - phagocyte engulf and destroy bacteria - B lymphocytes produce antibodies - T lymphocytes kill of bacteria - Cytokines increase production of immune cells **Ch. 16** \- Know the positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia - Positive: hallucination, delusions, excited motor behavior - Negative: slow thought and speech, emotional and social withdrawal \- Know some of the evidence that suggests Schizophrenia is a heritable disease - Higher incidence among biological relative - For identical twins concordance rate 50% \- Know how the brain and brain activity of Schizophrenic differs from normal individuals - Enlarged cerebral ventricles - Hippocampus and amygdala smaller - Pyramidal cells of the hippocampus have a disorganized arrangement - Loss of gray matter - Hypofrontality hypothesis: schizophrenia caused by under activation of the frontal lobes \- Know the glutamate and dopamine hypotheses of Schizophrenia - Dopamine hypothesis: schizophrenia results from excess schizophrenia results from excess production of dopamine or increased postsynaptic sensitivity to it - Glutamate hypothesis: schizophrenia caused by underactivation of glutamate receptors -Know some of the treatments for Schizophrenia - Typical neuroleptic drugs or antipsychotics: all antagonists at dopamine D2 receptors antagonist, decrease positive symptoms - Atypical neuroleptics: blocks serotonin as well as dopamine d(2) receptors, decrease positive and negative symptoms \- Know differences between unipolar and bipolar depression and what the treatments are for each type - Unipolar depression: depression that alternates with normal emotional states - Treatment - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAO: enzyme that inactivates monoamines - Deep brain stimulation - Electroconvulsive shock therapy - SSRIs - Cognitive behavioral therapy - Transcranial magnetic stimulation - Bipolar: periods of depression alternating with expansive mood, or mania and periods of normal mood - treatment - lithium - cognitive behavioral therapy \- Know what seasonal affective disorder is and its treatment - Depression brought on by the shorter days of winter - Phototherapy May respond to SSRIs \- Know what brain regions are affected by anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, PTSD, OCD and Tourette's syndrome, and know some of the treatments for these disorders - Panic disorder - brain regions changed: lesions of temporal lobe, enlarged lateral ventricles - Drug treatments: benzodiazepines - PTSD - Brain regions changed: decreased hippocampus, lose ability to inhibit fear response - Treatments: exposure therapy, SSRIs, CBT - OCD - Brain regions: basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex - Treatment: SSRIs - Tourette's - Brain regions: caudate nucleus - Treatments: dopamine D2 receptor antagonists **Ch. 19** \- Know 5 basic elements of language - Phonemes - Morphemes - Semantics - Syntax - grammar \- Know the different types of aphasias, what the signs of aphasia are and the 3 accompanying disorders - Broca\'s (non fluent) - Problems with production (output of speech) - Broca's area is by primary motor cortex - Wernicke (fluent) - Delivery of speech is smooth but is nonsensical - Inability to comprehend language - Lesions in temporal lobe where Wernicke\'s area is - Global - Unable to understand or produce language - Lesions throughout the left hemisphere - Signs of aphasia - Paraphasia: Substitutions for a word with a sound or different word or unintended word - Neologisms: new often nonsense words - Nonfluent speech, talking with a lot of effort \- Know where brain lesions are located in the 3 different types of aphasia (Broca's, Wernicke's and Global) \- Know the brain pathways that mediate speech processing of heard and written words (Fig. 19.8) - Speaking a heard word - Processing a word in auditory cortex - To Wernicke's to assign meeting to the word - Send to Broca's area which creates motor plan of how to say that word - Send the plan to motor cortex which controls muscles and ability to make that word - Speaking a written word - Transfer of visual info from primary visual cortex to the angular gyrus - If damage in angular gyrus then disconnect between visual and auditory system - Angular gyrus sends info to Wernicke's area to assign meaning to visual code - Send to Broca's create motor plan - Motor cortex to carry out movement \- Know the cortical abnormalities of dyslexia and the reading problems associated with the 3 types discussed in class - Dyslexia: reading disorder - Brains of dyslexics show distortions among cells in the cerebral cortex - Micropolygyria: excessive cortical folding - Ectopias: clusters of cells - Acquired dyslexia: occurs after brain injury - Deep dyslexia: show error in reading one word as another, relating meeting - Surface dyslexia: show errors in reading but restricted to the details and sounds of letters