Emotions, Stress, and Health PDF

12 Emotions, Stress, and Health © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 12.1 The Nature of Emotion After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe methods of measuring emotions, including the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Evaluate the James-Lange theory of...

12 Emotions, Stress, and Health © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 12.1 The Nature of Emotion After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe methods of measuring emotions, including the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Evaluate the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the evidence relating to it. Evaluate the Schachter and Singer theory, and the evidence relating to it. Discuss whether it makes sense to distinguish a few “basic” emotions. Describe an alternative to the idea of basic emotions. Discuss the role of emotions in moral reasoning. Define emotional intelligence and describe evidence relating to it. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Socioemotional Development Inside_Out InsideOut2_Anxiety ParentGuide_InsideOut © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Measuring Emotions Psychologists measure emotions by: – Self-reports, e.g., PANAS – Behavioral observations Ekman_micro-expressions Microexpressions – very brief, sudden emotional expressions – Physiological measures Autonomic nervous system – the section of the nervous system that controls the organs Sympathetic nervous system – chains of neuron clusters just to the left and right of the spinal cord, which arouses the body for vigorous action © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Figure 12.1 ► Figure 12.1 The autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which sometimes act in opposing ways and sometimes cooperate. The sympathetic nervous system readies the body for emergency action. The parasympathetic nervous system supports digestive and other nonemergency functions. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  The James-Lange Theory of Emotions James-Lange theory – the idea that perception of bodily changes provides the feeling aspect of emotion Situation → Appraisal → Actions → Perception of the actions = cognitive = physiological = feeling aspect of the aspect of the and emotion emotion behavioral aspects © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Schachter and Singer’s Theory of Emotions Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotions – statement that the degree of sympathetic nervous system arousal determines the intensity of the emotion, but a cognitive appraisal of the situation identifies the type of emotion Master_Emotion A situation can be appraised very differently depending on one’s background. Researchers have found cultural differences in intensity of emotional experience. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Arousal – Intensity & Appraisal - Type © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Do We Have a Few “Basic” Emotions? Some psychologists have proposed we have the following six “basic” emotions: 1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Anger 4. Fear 5. Disgust 6. Surprise To decide what is a basic emotion, psychologists have proposed the following criteria: – Basic emotions should emerge early in life without requiring much experience. – Basic emotions should be similar across cultures. – Each basic emotion should have a distinct physiology. – Each basic emotion might have its own facial expression. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Emotion – Inside our brain © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Producing & Understanding facial expression © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Figure 12.11 ▲ Figure 12.11 Paul Ekman has used these faces in experiments testing people’s ability to recognize emotional expressions. Can you identify them? (From Ekman & Friesen, 1984) © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Understanding Facial Expressions People throughout the world can recognize certain emotional expressions. However, we seldom recognize an emotion from facial expression alone; we also consider posture, context, tone of voice, and other information. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Understanding emotion in context © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Do Facial Expressions Indicate Basic Emotions? In everyday life, most expressions show a mixture of emotions. The ability of people to recognize expressions of joy, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise cannot tell us whether people have precisely six basic emotions. – We can also identify additional states, such as contempt and pride. The fact that we recognize expressions of disgust and surprise is not decisive for calling them emotions, because we also recognize expressions of sleepiness and confusion, which most people do not regard as emotions. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Figure 12.15 ◄ Figure 12.15 According to the circumplex model of emotion, emotional feelings occur along a continuum of arousal and another continuum of pleasure. (Figure 1 from “A circumplex model of affect,” by J. A. Russell, 1980. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, pp. 1161–1178.) © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. The emotion wheel (Plutchik, 2003) Theories_Emotions © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Usefulness of Emotions (slide 1 of 2) Emotions call our attention to important information and adjust our priorities to our situation in life. Broaden-and-build hypothesis – idea that a happy mood increases your readiness to explore new ideas and opportunities Emotions and Moral Reasoning When we face a moral decision, we often react emotionally. – Those quick emotional feelings may be an evolved mechanism to steer our behavior toward what is usually the right choice. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. The Trolley Dilemma © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Usefulness of Emotions (slide 2 of 2) Decisions by People with Impaired Emotions People with brain damage that impairs their emotions have trouble making good decisions, especially in situations related to moral treatment of others. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Emotional Intelligence People need skills to judge other people’s emotions and the probable emotional outcomes of their own actions. The ability to handle such issues may constitute “emotional intelligence.” – Emotional intelligence – the ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and to use that information in making decisions – The Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) EIConsortium © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998), Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167-177. EmotionalIntelligenceScale_1998.pdf Psychometric properties of EIS Study 1 – internal consistency: Cronbach’s alpha =.90 Validity : EIS w Toronto Alexithymia Scale EIS w Attention subscale of Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS) EIS w Clarity subscale of TMMS EIS w Mood Repair subscale of TMMS EIS w Optimism scale of Life Orientation Test (LOT) EIS w Pessimism scale of LOT EIS w Zung Depression Scale EIS w Barratt Impulsiveness EI_survey EIS w Affective Communication Test © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Critical Analysis However, it is not clear that current measurements of emotional intelligence predict much that we could not already predict based on academic intelligence and certain aspects of personality. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 12.2 A Survey of Emotions After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe how researchers measure anxiety objectively. Describe how amygdala damage alters fear and anxiety. Evaluate the effectiveness of polygraphs (“lie detector tests”). Distinguish among anger, disgust, and contempt. Discuss the role of wealth in happiness. List factors that influence happiness and ways to enhance happiness. Discuss how life satisfaction changes in old age. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Fear and Anxiety (slide 1 of 2) Measuring Anxiety Anxiety – an increase in the startle reflex Anxiety can be measured objectively by variations in the startle reflex after a loud noise. Variations in fear and anxiety relate to activity of the amygdala. Anxiety, Arousal, and Lie Detection Polygraph – or “lie-detector test,” device that records sympathetic nervous system arousal, as measured by blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and electrical conduction of the skin © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Anxiety operated as startle reflex and processed in amygdala © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Polygraph © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Accuracy of Polygraph © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Fear and Anxiety (slide 2 of 2) Alternative Methods of Detecting Lies Guilty-knowledge test – a modified version of the polygraph test that produces more accurate results by asking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime, e.g., what were you doing at the time of the crime? Ask better questions. E.g., describe the event backward Ask detailed, unexpected questions. E.g., draw where they were © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Anger and Related Emotions Anger arises when we perceive that someone has done something intentionally that blocks our intended actions. Disgust – a reaction to something that would make you feel contaminated if it got into your mouth Contempt – a reaction to a violation of community standards © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Happiness, Joy, and Positive Psychology (slide 1 of 3) Positive psychology – study of the features that enrich life, such as happiness, hope, creativity, courage, spirituality, and responsibility – It includes not only momentary happiness, but also subjective well-being. Subjective well-being – a self-evaluation of one’s life as pleasant, interesting, satisfying, and meaningful © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Happiness, Joy, and Positive Psychology (slide 2 of 3) Happiness correlates positively (though not in all cases strongly) with: – Being wealthy – Having good health – Living in a country that tolerates minority groups and gives high status to women – Having close personal relationships – Having goals in life – Having substantive conversations – Being religious – Having happy friends – Expressing gratitude – Helping others © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Happiness, Joy, and Positive Psychology (slide 3 of 3) Happiness level is usually fairly stable over time. – However, it decreases for years, sometimes permanently, after the death of a close loved one, a divorce, the loss of a job, or a disability. On average, people report increased happiness and life satisfaction as they grow older. In the United States, people born in recent decades tend to report more happiness than people born in previous decades. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Influence of Wealth on Happiness H +ve correlated w individual freedom, social equality, education, good opportunities for women, a govt with little corruption, tolerance w minorites © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Losses in Life & Life Satisfaction © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Age effect on Happiness © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Cohort effect on Happiness © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Sadness Sadness is a reaction to a loss. Crying Crying is a way of communicating sadness or distress to others. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Other Emotions It is often helpful to distinguish several types of positive emotion such as pride, awe, and amusement. Surprise occurs when events do not match expectations. Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride occur when you think about how other people regard you or might regard you if they knew what you had done. – Embarrassment – emotional reaction to mistakes, being the center of attention, or “sticky situations” © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 12.3 Stress, Health, and Coping After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe and evaluate Selye’s concept of stress. Discuss the difficulties of measuring stress. Give examples of how stress can affect health by altering behavior. Describe the role of cortisol and the immune system in stress effects on health. Explain the evidence suggesting that some people are more predisposed than others to post-traumatic stress disorder. List examples of ways to cope with stress. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Selye’s Concept of Stress (slide 1 of 2) Stress – the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it According to Hans Selye, any event, pleasant or unpleasant, that brings about change in a person’s life produces some measure of stress. However, Selye’s definition does not include the effects of anything unchanging—such as poverty, racism, or a lifelong disability. An alternative definition of stress is “an event or events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses.” Cortisol – the hormone released under stress to enhance metabolism and increase sugar level and fuels to the cells © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Selye’s Concept of Stress (slide 2 of 2) General adaptation syndrome – the body’s response to stressful events of any type – Three stages: 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Measuring Stress To measure stress, one approach is to give you a checklist of stressful experiences, have you rate how stressful each event would be, and then a psychologist totals your points to measure your stress. – Checklists have serious problems. It assumes that many small stressors add up to the same as one large stressor. Many items are ambiguous. A given event has different meanings depending on how people interpret the event and what they can do about it. It considers all types of stressors to be equivalent, except in amount. The best way to measure someone’s stress is through a careful, well-structured interview that evaluates all the pluses and minuses in someone’s life. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Everyday Sources of Stress Pressure - the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source. Uncontrollability - the degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation. The less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress. Frustration - the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need. Conflict - psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  How Stress Affects Health Indirect Effects Stress affects health indirectly because people exposed to stressful events often change their eating, sleeping, and drinking habits. Direct Effects Stress causes increased secretion of the hormone cortisol. – Brief, moderate elevations of cortisol enhance memory and immune system responses. – Prolonged cortisol damages health by impairing the hippocampus and by exhausting the immune system. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Heart Disease Type A personality – tendency to be highly competitive, impatient, and often hostile Type B personality – tendency to be more easygoing, less hurried, and less hostile Research has found only a small link between emotional responses and the onset of heart disease. People who learn techniques for managing stress decrease their risk of heart disease. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – a condition marked by prolonged anxiety and depression After traumatic experiences, some people (not all) have long-lasting changes in their emotional reactions. – Apparently some people are more predisposed to PTSD than others are. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Coping with Stress Coping with stress is the process of developing ways to get through difficult times. Most strategies for dealing with stress fall into three major categories: 1. Problem-focused coping – doing something to improve a stressful situation 2. Reappraisal – reinterpreting a situation to make it seem less threatening 3. Emotion-focused coping – regulating one’s emotional reaction © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Stress is … Stressors - events that cause a stress reaction Distress - the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors Eustress - the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Problem-focused coping © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Coping by Reappraisal © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Emotion-focused Coping © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Coping Strategies (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) Confrontive coping - I Seeking social support - I got expressed anger to the person(s) professional help who caused the problem Accepting responsibility - I Distancing - Went on as if apologized or did something to nothing had happened. make up Escape-avoidance - Tried to Planful problem-solving - Just make myself feel better by concentrated on what I had to eating, drinking, smoking, using drugs or medication, etc. do next – the next step Self-control - I tried to keep my Positive appraisals - I came out feelings to myself. of the experience better than when I went in Ten Tips for Stress Management - YouTube © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Exercise – generate endorphin © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Resilience Resilience – an ability to handle difficult situations with a minimum of distress © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Meditation Meditation - mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness. Concentrative meditation - form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation. Receptive meditation - form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Mindfulness based stress reduction (Kabat-Zinn, 2005) Mindfulness Meditation MBSR Mindfulness_for_kids Mindfulness_Brain_Emoti on Mindfulness_brain Mindfulness.org_covid19 © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Mindfulness resources in HK Mindfulness_JCPanda Mindful_parenting Mindfulness_SEN NewLife_Mindfulness hong-kong-center-for- mindfulness Catholic_SowingSeeds_Conte mplation © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.