Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following aspects of emotions involve subjective experiences that are private?
Which of the following aspects of emotions involve subjective experiences that are private?
According to the James-Lange theory, how do we experience emotions?
According to the James-Lange theory, how do we experience emotions?
What characterizes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
What characterizes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
Which pair represents Plutchik's primary emotions?
Which pair represents Plutchik's primary emotions?
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Which of the following emotions is NOT identified by Ekman?
Which of the following emotions is NOT identified by Ekman?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the Papez circuit?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the Papez circuit?
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Which structure is responsible for processing fear according to the pathway involving the amygdala?
Which structure is responsible for processing fear according to the pathway involving the amygdala?
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Which of the following emotions is classified under Plutchik's 'Emotion Wheel' as the opposite of fear?
Which of the following emotions is classified under Plutchik's 'Emotion Wheel' as the opposite of fear?
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What aspect of the brain is primarily altered in individuals with schizophrenia?
What aspect of the brain is primarily altered in individuals with schizophrenia?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with increased aggression?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with increased aggression?
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What is a key characteristic of the adaptation stage of the stress response?
What is a key characteristic of the adaptation stage of the stress response?
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Which type of depression alternates with manic episodes?
Which type of depression alternates with manic episodes?
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Which treatment is effective specifically for unipolar depression?
Which treatment is effective specifically for unipolar depression?
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What is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?
What is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?
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Which brain region is most affected in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Which brain region is most affected in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
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Which type of aphasia is characterized by difficulty in speech production?
Which type of aphasia is characterized by difficulty in speech production?
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What chemical response primarily occurs during the alarm reaction phase of the stress response?
What chemical response primarily occurs during the alarm reaction phase of the stress response?
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Which type of dyslexia shows errors in reading related to word meanings?
Which type of dyslexia shows errors in reading related to word meanings?
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Which type of information do B lymphocytes produce in response to invaders?
Which type of information do B lymphocytes produce in response to invaders?
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What structural change is often found in the brains of patients with PTSD?
What structural change is often found in the brains of patients with PTSD?
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What is the primary function of the amygdala in emotional processing?
What is the primary function of the amygdala in emotional processing?
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Which emotion is considered an opposite pair in Plutchik's model?
Which emotion is considered an opposite pair in Plutchik's model?
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What characterizes Schachter's cognitive theory of emotion?
What characterizes Schachter's cognitive theory of emotion?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the Papez circuit?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the Papez circuit?
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In the James-Lange theory, how are different emotions explained?
In the James-Lange theory, how are different emotions explained?
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Which of the following emotions is recognized by Ekman but is not a primary emotion in Plutchik's model?
Which of the following emotions is recognized by Ekman but is not a primary emotion in Plutchik's model?
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What is the initial step in the amygdala's processing of fear?
What is the initial step in the amygdala's processing of fear?
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Which of the following pairs are identified by both Plutchik and Ekman?
Which of the following pairs are identified by both Plutchik and Ekman?
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Which physiological response is commonly shared across different emotions according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
Which physiological response is commonly shared across different emotions according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
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What hormonal response is primarily associated with the BNST during emotional reactions?
What hormonal response is primarily associated with the BNST during emotional reactions?
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Which stage of the stress response involves restoring homeostatic balance?
Which stage of the stress response involves restoring homeostatic balance?
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What is a characteristic brain change associated with schizophrenia?
What is a characteristic brain change associated with schizophrenia?
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Which treatment for schizophrenia blocks both dopamine and serotonin receptors?
Which treatment for schizophrenia blocks both dopamine and serotonin receptors?
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What type of depression is characterized by episodes of severe mood swings, including mania?
What type of depression is characterized by episodes of severe mood swings, including mania?
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In panic disorder, which brain region is mainly affected?
In panic disorder, which brain region is mainly affected?
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Which brain area is primarily implicated in Broca's aphasia?
Which brain area is primarily implicated in Broca's aphasia?
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What is a common symptom of the negative type in schizophrenia?
What is a common symptom of the negative type in schizophrenia?
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In individuals with deep dyslexia, what type of error is commonly seen?
In individuals with deep dyslexia, what type of error is commonly seen?
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What type of treatment is particularly effective for unipolar depression?
What type of treatment is particularly effective for unipolar depression?
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What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with increasing aggression?
What neurotransmitter is primarily associated with increasing aggression?
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Which type of inhibition loss is a major concern in PTSD?
Which type of inhibition loss is a major concern in PTSD?
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Which auditory process involves the angular gyrus in reading aloud?
Which auditory process involves the angular gyrus in reading aloud?
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What is often a characteristic sign of aphasia?
What is often a characteristic sign of aphasia?
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Study Notes
Chapter 15: Emotions
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Emotions have four key aspects: feelings, actions, physiological arousal, and motivation.
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Feelings are subjective, private experiences.
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Actions are observable behaviors.
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Physiological arousal involves somatic and autonomic responses, influencing behaviors.
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Motivation involves coordinated responses to solve problems and pursue goals.
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James-Lange Theory: Emotions arise from bodily changes, differing due to varying physiological responses.
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Cannon-Bard Theory: Emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously, triggered by the thalamus, with similar physiological responses across emotions.
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Schachter's Cognitive Theory: Emotional experiences result from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of stimuli. Emotions are labelled based on context. Emotions adjust as feedback loops assess the environment.
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Know the different emotions proposed by Plutchik (8 categories) and Ekman (8 facial expressions).
Chapter 16: Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia is characterized by both positive and negative symptoms.
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Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behaviors. Negative symptoms involve withdrawn social behavior and slowed thought/speech.
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Evidence suggests a heritable component to schizophrenia, with a concordance rate of 50% in identical twins.
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Brain differences in schizophrenia include enlarged ventricles, smaller hippocampus and amygdala, and disorganized arrangement of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. Individuals may exhibit hypofrontality (reduced frontal lobe activity).
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Important hypotheses for Schizophrenia are the dopamine hypothesis, which links the disorder to excessive or altered dopamine activity; and the glutamate hypothesis, which proposes underactivation of glutamate receptors. Different types of treatments target the neurotransmitters implicated in the development and expression of the disorder, including dopamine D2 antagonists.
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Treatments for schizophrenia can involve drug interventions targeting dopamine receptors as well as cognitive and behavioral therapies.
Chapter 19: Language and Aphasias
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Language comprises phonemes, morphemes, semantics, syntax, and grammar.
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Aphasias are language disorders caused by brain lesions.
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Broca's aphasia causes non-fluent speech due to damage in Broca's area in the left frontal lobe, affecting speech production but not understanding.
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Wernicke's aphasia results in fluent speech but incomprehensible content due to damage in Wernicke's area of the left temporal lobe. It affects the understanding of words and sentences.
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Global aphasia is a more severe form affecting both speech production and comprehension, resulting from broad damage in the left hemisphere.
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Different types of aphasia involve specific regions of the brain.
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Brain pathways for processing heard and written words involve auditory cortex, angular gyrus, Wernicke's area, and eventually motor cortex for speech production.
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Dyslexia is a reading disorder involving distortions in the cerebral cortex, including micropolygyria and ectopias, possibly resulting from both genetic and acquired risks. Deep dyslexia is associated with errors in word substitutions, while surface dyslexia involves difficulty reading the actual letters.
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Description
Explore the intricate world of emotions in this quiz based on Chapter 15. Delve into theories like James-Lange and Cannon-Bard, and understand the physiological aspects of emotional experiences. Test your knowledge on different emotions and their expressions as proposed by Plutchik and Ekman.
