La Trobe University PSY1PAC 2024 Semester 2 Lecture 8 - Emotion (PDF)

latrobe.edu.au PSY1PAC Introductory Psychology: People and Culture Lecture 8: Emotion Readings: Aknin et al. (2010)...

latrobe.edu.au PSY1PAC Introductory Psychology: People and Culture Lecture 8: Emotion Readings: Aknin et al. (2010) Dr Matthew Ruby Department of Psychology, Counselling and Therapy [email protected] La Trobe University CRICOS Provider Code Number 00115M Acknowledgment of Country La Trobe University acknowledges that our campuses are located on the lands of many traditional custodians in Australia. We recognise their ongoing connection to the land and value their unique contribution to the University and wider Australian society. We are committed to providing opportunities for Indigenous Australians, both as individuals and communities through teaching and learning, research and community partnerships across all of our campuses. La Trobe University pays our respect to Indigenous Elders, past, present and emerging and will continue to incorporate Indigenous knowledge systems and protocols as part of our ongoing strategic and operational business.  Lecture Outline What is an Emotion? Emotion Expression & Recognition Display Rules Emotional Experiences Valuation of Emotions Subjective Well-Being / Happiness  Learning Outcomes Students should be able to: Understand the main ideas of what an emotion is. Discuss cultural differences in the experience and regulation of emotion. Explain cultural differences in expectations about how people should express different types of emotions.  Learning Outcomes Students should be able to: Describe cultural differences in how people experience and react to emotions. Explain how culture shapes the value people place on different emotions. Understand the concept of subjective well-being and the various factors that influence it.  A Little Bit About Me https://monsonmaine.org  What is an Emotion? Two major theories James-Lange Theory of Emotions Two-factor Theory of Emotions  What is an Emotion? James-Lange Theory of Emotions Stimulus Physiology Emotion Two-factor Theory of Emotions Stimulus Physiology Cognition Emotion Images are public domain / CC0 license  What Is an Emotion? Classic Study by Schacter and Singer (1962) Participants received injection: epinephrine or saline Key manipulation Placebo: saline injection: told no side effects (True) Epinephrine-Informed: told side effects (True) Epinephrine-Uninformed: told no side effects (False) Confederate behavior: euphoric or angry Epinephrine-uninformed showed most emotion Replication has been mixed (Kenrick et al., 1979; Reisenzein, 1983)  Facial Expressions of Emotions Darwin: Human/Animal facial expressions similar “Head of a snarling dog.” “In a placid condition.” “When pleased by being caressed.” “Disappointed and sulky.” Images from Darwin (1872 / 1965)  Universal Emotional Expressions Set of “basic emotions” Happiness Sadness Anger Fear Surprise Disgust All images are public domain / CC0 license, except Angry baby does not approve by futurestreet and Little scared here folks by Kris Gabbard (both CC BY 2.0)  Universal Emotional Expressions High accuracy in categorising emotions Great similarity across industrialised cultures Happiness Disgust Surprise Sadness Anger Fear USA 97% 82% 91% 73% 69% 88% Brazil 97% 86% 82% 82% 82% 77% Chile 90% 85% 88% 90% 76% 78% Argentina 94% 79% 93% 85% 72% 68% Japan 87% 82% 87% 74% 63% 71% Average 93% 83% 88% 81% 72% 76% (Adapted from Ekman & Friesen, 1971)  Universal Emotional Expressions Might emotion expression be driven by cultural learning? Paul Ekman investigated this in an isolated culture Fore people of eastern Papua New Guinea Asked to imagine situations  show expressions “Paul Ekman bio” by Paul Ekman “OkapaFore.large” by John Collinge et al. is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 “Your friend has come “Your child has died and and you are happy.” you are sad.” “You are angry and “You see a dead pig that has been about to fight.” lying there for a long time.” Images from Ekman (1999)  Universal Emotional Expressions Lots of variability in accuracy of recognition When identifying emotions shown by Americans English speakers > Indo-European speakers (e.g., Spanish) > Non-Indo-European speakers (e.g., Japanese) Meta-analysis of 168 studies: people about 9% more accurate with emotional expressions of people from their own cultural group Facial expressions can be used to guess a person’s nationality with good reliability (Russell, 1994; Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002; Marsh et al., 2003, 2007)  Universal Emotional Expressions Some researchers have proposed other universal emotional expressions Contempt Shame Interest Pride Considerable evidence Jessica Tracy Face + Body (Keltner, 1995; Tracy & Robins, 2008) http://ubc-emotionlab.ca/people/dr-jessica-tracy/  Pride Upright posture Head tilted back (Slight) smile Arms up or akimbo Julia Gajer winning Ironman 70.3 Allyson Felix celebrating Austria 2012 by traingleevents by Arcimboldo is licensed is licensed under CC BY 2.0 under CC BY 2.5  Pride: Burkina Faso Study Like Ekman, Tracy wanted to research the expression of pride in a place with little exposure to Western, industrialised cultures Investigated in a highly isolated, preliterate tribe in Burkina Faso Burkina Faso in map by TUBS Image is public domain / CC0 license is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0  Pride: Burkina Faso Study What emotion is this person feeling? Choose a response.  Pride: Burkina Faso Study Participants identified pride expressions far above chance levels (Tracy & Robins, 2008) BUT, accuracy was only slightly better than a coin flip  Pride: Athletes Coded congenitally blind athletes after they won or lost a match at the Olympics or Paralympics (Tracy & Matsumoto, 2008)  Pride: Summary Evidence for universal expression/recognition Evidence for innateness (congenitally blind people) Role of body posture in some emotional expressions  Display Rules Culturally-specific rules about what facial expressions are appropriate in a situation and how intensely they should be shown Bedouin: Respond to insult with anger (honour) Balinese: Emotional smoothness (avoid strong displays) Inuit: Avoid expressing anger Read more here (optional): https://n.pr/3jBxqoI (Abu-Lughod, 1985; Geertz, 1983; Briggs, 1970) INTERACTIVE COMPONENT HERE (no pre-lecture spoilers)  Display Rules Ritualized displays: Culturally-specific facial expressions (often of emotions) INTERACTIVE COMPONENT HERE (no pre-lecture spoilers)  Display Rules & Emotion Recognition Cultural variation in attention to facial regions Display rule in many interdependent cultures: conceal unharmonious emotions Harder to control eye muscles than mouth Japanese more accurate than US Americans in reading emotions from eyes (Blais et al., 2008; Jack et al., 2011)  Display Rules & Emotion Recognition Participants: USA & Japan Show target faces, guessed emotion Researchers swapped eyes and mouths of different expressions (Yuki et al., 2007) (Yuki et al., 2007)  Anime Proportions © All rights reserved by miHoYo. Other Image is public domain / CC0 license properties belong to their respective owners. (Takemoto, 2010)  Emotion Recognition People of lower socioeconomic status (SES) better at identifying facial expression of emotions For example: “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” task View image of upper half of face, and indicate which of 4 different thoughts or feelings is expressed Alarmed? Bewildered? Ashamed? Serious? (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001; Engstrom & Laurin, 2024)  Emotion Recognition “At the top of the ladder are the people who are the best off, those who have the most money, most education, and best jobs. At the bottom are the people who are the worst off, those who have the least money, least education, worst jobs, or no job. Please place an ‘X’ on the rung that best represents where you think you stand on the ladder.” (Choice of 10 different rungs on ladder) The higher on the SES ladder, the lower the accuracy, especially for negative emotions (Figure from Engstrom & Laurin, 2024) (Adler et al., 2000) INTERACTIVE COMPONENT HERE (no pre-lecture spoilers) Break around here  Emotional Experiences Facial expressions largely universal, partly cultural Evidence for variability in experiences of emotions Large differences for emotional intensity Americans report feeling emotions longer and more intensely than Japanese Ghanaians report attending less to their emotions than Americans There are also pronounced cultural differences in managing anger (Matsumoto et al., 1988; Mesquita & Karasawa, 2002; Dzokoto, 2010)  Emotional Experiences Euro-Canadian & Chinese Canadians from UBC “Anger paradigm”: Rude experimenter Blood pressure & heart rate measured All demonstrated anger (SBP rose) Group differences in return to baseline Image is public domain / CC0 license (Anderson & Linden, 2006) (Figure from Anderson & Linden, 2006)  Emotional Experiences Cultural differences in kinds of emotions Partially linked to interdependence / independence Interdependence  concern about harmony and maintaining relationships More interpersonally engaging emotions (e.g., affection, shame) Independence  concern for self and standing out More interpersonally disengaging emotions (e.g., pride, anger) (Kitayama et al., 2006; 2000)  Emotional Experiences Surinamese and Turkish participants reported more relational concerns than Dutch Mexicans reported more interpersonally engaging emotions than Americans Turkey & Japan Turkey: Anger more frequent (defend honour) Japan: Shame more frequent (save face) (Mesquita, 2001; Savani et al., 2013; Boiger et al., 2013, 2014) INTERACTIVE COMPONENT HERE (no pre-lecture spoilers)  Culture and Happiness Is pursuit of happiness universal? Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness Possible start during the Enlightenment (in West) ~1700s CE World seen as more predictable and rational Happiness seen as less dependent on luck Cultures that link happiness to good luck have lower levels of happiness (Oishi et al., 2013) Image is public domain / CC0 license  Subjective Well-Being Subjective Well-Being: the feeling of being satisfied with one’s life Scores tend to be higher in Northern European and Latin American countries Scores tend to be lower in Eastern Europe, low- income areas of Africa, and South Asia (Inglehart & Klingemann, 2000)  Subjective Well-Being Cultural differences in subjective well-being affected by: Wealth (to a degree) Income Equality Human Rights Definitions of Well-Being (Inglehart & Klingemann, 2000; Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2002)  Immigrant Groups & Happiness National differences reflected in immigrant groups in USA Rank order of ethnic groups in USA and rank order of countries: r =.62! Cultural attitudes/practices related to happiness vary? Persistence of attitudes and practices? Image is public domain / CC0 license (Rice & Steele, 2004)  Subjective Well-Being Very broad cultural differences in defining life satisfaction Independent: lots of positive emotions Interdependent: meeting others’ standards for being a good person  Subjective Well-Being Differences in ideas about how happy one should feel, which can distort our memories Euro American and Asian American students filled out daily reports for a week “How good or bad was today?” 1 = terrible, 2 = very bad, 3 = bad, 4 = good, 5 = very good, 6 = excellent “How good or bad was the week?” (Oishi, 2002) Subjective Well-Being (Figure adapted from Oishi, 2002)  Looking Back… In Week 2, Emi lectured about cultural differences in preference for ideal affect. A reminder of these different dimensions… Affective Dimensions Positive Low Arousal High Arousal Negative All images are public domain / CC0 license  Affective Valuation Theory (AVT)- Tsai et al. (2006, 2007) Calmness Excitement Serenity Enthusiasm Restfulness Elation (LAP) (HAP) (Tsai et al., 2006, 2007) All images are public domain / CC0 license  Latin American Cultures? Simpatía a vital part of many Latin American cultures “the tendency to prefer and create social interactions characterized by warmth and emotional positivity while also avoiding conflict and/or overt negativity” Do Latin Americans prefer HAP or LAP affect? Tsai’s findings: Other East Asian groups (Japanese)? (Díaz-Loving & Draguns, 1999; Acevedo et al., 2020) Image is public domain / CC0 license Ideal Affect Across Cultures (Figure from Ruby et al., 2012) Ideal Affect Across Cultures (Figure from Ruby et al., 2012)  Ideal Affect Across Cultures Large variation in happiness across cultures Considerable within-culture variation Some (apparently) universal predictors Adequate resources Human rights Income equality Differences in pursuit of happiness How much is positive emotion valued? What kinds of positive emotions valued? Image is public domain / CC0 license INTERACTIVE COMPONENT HERE (no pre-lecture spoilers)