Motivation Lecture Notes - PS1134 - Motivation

Motivation and Emotion Nilusha Goonetilleke BSc in Psy & Counselling, PgD in Psy. (University of Peradeniya) MPhil in Clinical Psychology (University of Colombo) Theoretical aspect of Motivation Aron Lee Ralston What motivated him to cut his arm to free himself from a rock that pinned him Q...

Motivation and Emotion Nilusha Goonetilleke BSc in Psy & Counselling, PgD in Psy. (University of Peradeniya) MPhil in Clinical Psychology (University of Colombo) Theoretical aspect of Motivation Aron Lee Ralston What motivated him to cut his arm to free himself from a rock that pinned him Questions???? 1. Why did you sign up to take this degree? 2. How does it feel when you do your best? 3. If we know we are going to feel good when we do our best; then why don’t we do our best all of the time? Or more often? 4. What is motivation? 5. Do you think that our motivation changes as we age? 6. Besides money, what motivates adults to go to work? What is Motivation?  Motivation A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goal Question What are the factors that consisted in motivation? Answer Intensity – How hard person tries? greater vigor of responding Direction – Effort should be channeled in direction to achieve the targeted behavior Persistence – continued effort to get something Psychological perspectives of Motivation Explanation of Motivation under the Psychological perspectives Evolutionary (Historical) Explanations Biological Explanations Cognitive Explanations Behavioral Explanation Humanistic Explanations Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic Explanation Sociocultural Explanation  Theories of Motivation Instinct—motives are innate: Evolutionary Explanations Drive and Drive reduction —biological needs as motivation : Biological Explanations Arousal—people are motivated to maintain optimum level of arousal: Biological Explanations Incentive—extrinsic or intrinsic motivation - push or pull behavior: Cognitive and behavioural Explanations Humanistic—hierarchy of needs: Humanistic Explanations Evolutionary (Historical) Explanations of Motivation- Instinct Theory  Theories of Motivation Organisms are born with preprogramme tendencies to Evolutionary Theory respond to certain events in certain ways. Instinct - genetically hard-wired behaviors that enhance our ability to cope with vital environmental contingencies.  Instinct A complex, inherited, behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. Difficulty using instincts to both label and explain behaviors. William James listed 37 instincts. Instinct in human behaviour Examples of Instincts Rivalry Submission Sympathy Modesty Fear Secretiveness Shyness Repulsion Cleanliness Jealousy Food-Seeking Curiosity Sociability Combativeness Parental Love Hunting Mating Instinct Motivation is based on our instincts: A behavior that is patterned throughout a species and is UNLEARNED  salmon_swimming_hg_clr.gif Instinct Theory Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors. Instinct Theories Motivation is innate and due to genetic programming. Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a species and is inborn instincts. Why Why does Kamal get into a lot of fights? Why is Sumedha so quiet and timid?  Why is Dave so overweight?  Why does Mala beat her children? Why do people do the things that they do? Explain based on Instinct Theory Why does Kamal get into a lot of fights? Combativeness Instinct Why is Sumedha so quiet and timid? Shyness Instinct Dave is overweight and can’t stop eating because of his food-seeking instinct. Mala beats and neglects her children because she was not born with a parental love instinct. So what is next???? Biological Explanations of Motivation- Drives and Drive Reduction Theory  Drives Create imbalances in the body Prompts an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive Part of drive-reduction theory DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Eating and drinking are examples of drive-reducing behaviors. Drive-Reduction Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Drive-Reduction Theory  Our behavior is motivated by Drive Reduction Theory BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Drive-reduction theory: a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Clark Hull, psychologist, developed the drive-reduction theory in the 1930s. An organism learns to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive. Example: eating reduces the hunger drive Primary versus Secondary drives  Drive-Reduction Theory Basic biological drives motivate humans to restore an internal state of equilibrium or balance. This tendency to maintain this state of equilibrium is called homeostasis. FOR EXAMPLE: When a person is hungry, he/she will eat until they are satisfied and no longer hungry. How do we explain when someone eats even when they are not hungry? Some people often act to increase rather than decrease the tension they experience. Drive-Reduction theory does not explain all human motivation.  Drive-Reduction Theory We are not only pushed by our internal needs but.… Pulled by our incentives (external): a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior Drive-Reduction Motivation Homeostasis = The body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies If any of these levels deviates very far from the optimal level, the body initiates processes (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal  Why did Shawn steal that candy bar?  Why does Namali wear long sleeve jacket, even in the hot weather?  Why did Shawn steal that candy bar? To Why do people satisfy his hunger and to maintain do the things homeostasis. His body told him that he needed it. that they do? Namali always wears long sleeve jackets, (Drive- even in the hot weather. She must have an internal thermostat that drops very easily, Reduction and in order to maintain a certain internal body temperature, she always has to wear Theory) an extra layer of clothing.  Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Any change in levels, up or down, results in being motivated to bring the level back to normal. Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation Homeostatic Regulation  A “Need” is a biological or A “Drive” is an internal Physiological 1 Need psychological requirement condition that orients (Hunger, Thirst, Sex) an individual toward a specific goal 2 4 Drive Satisfaction (Organism engages in (Organism’s needs random activity to satisfy have been satisfied) its needs) A drive encourages a Homeostasis is a 3 person to act in goal- temporary condition. Goal-directed behavior directed behaviors to A need will develop (Organism adopts a achieve “Homeostasis” – a over time. behavior that reduces the state of physical or drive) psychological balance.  Drive Reduction Theory Tested Have you ever eaten when you weren’t hungry? What about a person that excessively works out? How do we account for other motivating Too much eating? factors like: achievement, power, and curiosity? Too much working out? http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CbHKxiFCcpI/TOaX3frMMnI/AAAAAAAAAhg/Us1d1qg-n4Y/s320/me39cb.jpg Too much tanning? Environmental Factors that Affect our Hunger 1. Availability of food 2. Learned preferences and habits 3. Stress Weight gain Weight loss Limitation Drive theories inadequate due to the fact many people strive to increase tension and physiological arousal I.e. running a marathon Jumping out an airplane Biological Explanations: Arousal Theories Optimum Arousal Arousal Levels of alertness and responsiveness Arousal Theory Quality of performance We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. Easy task Yerkes-Dodson Law Moderately difficult task High arousal is helpful on easy tasks Very difficult task Degree of arousal Too much arousal is As level of arousal increases, quality of harmful performance decreases with task difficulty  Yerkes-Dodson Law The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a point. Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task. Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain. Yerkes-Dodson Law (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908) Cognitive Explanations: Incentive Theory Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Incentive Theory The incentive theory of motivation is a behavioral theory that suggests people are motivated by a drive for incentives and reinforcement. The incentive theory also proposes that people behave in a way they believe will result in a reward and avoid actions that may entail punishment.  https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=http% 3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrrkrvAUb Homework U9Y Intrinsic A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective. Motivation You do it because you love it. Extrinsic A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment Motivation You do it cause you are paid to do so  newbill-pop2 Extrinsic Motivation Incentive Theory – Extrinsic Motivation Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards (reinforcement principal) Why did Kevin kill Bill?  Why does Janet swim everyday, for many hours?  Why does Raj do nothing but homework? Why do people do the things that they do? (Incentive Theory – Extrinsic Motivation) Kevin committed murder because he was paid to do so. Jane swims everyday, before and after school, on weekends, etc. so that she can win an Olympic Gold medal. Raj is considered a geek because he does all of his homework so that he can get all “A’s”. If he does, he can have a television in his bedroom. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors, as opposed to the external drivers of extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good or right thing to do.  Why did Celinta become a nun?  Why does Greg work at the homeless shelter on weekends, instead of playing baseball?  Why does Kaushi spend so many hours working on her perfecting her swing? Why do people do the things that they do? (Intrinsic Motivation – Intrinsic Motivation) Celinta became a nun because she felt that it was morally the right thing to do. Greg works at the homeless shelter because it makes him feel good to help other people in need. Kaushi practices her swing because she enjoys softball, and so that she can become a better softball player. QUESTIONS? Thank You