Week 6 – Motivation PDF

WEEK 6 – MOTIVATION Motivation – the influences that account for the initiation, directions, intensity and persistence of behaviour Instinct doctrine – a view that explains human behaviour as motivated by automatic, involuntary and unlearnt responses Drive reduction theory – a theory of motivation s...

WEEK 6 – MOTIVATION Motivation – the influences that account for the initiation, directions, intensity and persistence of behaviour Instinct doctrine – a view that explains human behaviour as motivated by automatic, involuntary and unlearnt responses Drive reduction theory – a theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis. Cannot account for curiosity Homeostasis – the tendency for organisms to keep their physiological systems at a stable level by constantly adjusting themselves in response to change Drive – a psychological state of arousal created by an imbalance in homeostasis that prompts an organism to take action to restore the balance and reduce the drive Primary drives – arise from basic biological needs Secondary drives – arise through learning and can be as motivating as primary drives Arousal theory - a theory of motivation stating that people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is for them an optimal level of arousal Incentive theory - a theory of motivation stating that behaviour is directed towards attaining desirable stimuli (rewards) and avoiding unwanted stimuli (punishments). Emphasises the role of external stimuli Hunger and eating Stimulate eating Stimulate eating nhibit eating Biological factors Glucose and insulin in Hormones the blood provide released into the signals that stimulate bloodstream eating produce signals Neurotransmitters that inhibit eating affecting neurons in the Hormones act as hypothalamus also neurotransmitters stimulate eating and affect neurons Stomach contractions in the are associated with hypothalamus and subjective feelings of inhibit eating hunger Non-biological factors Values in contemporary Sights and smells the society encourage thinnes elicit eating because of and thus can inhibit eating prior associations Family customes and social occasions include norms for eating Stress is associated with eating Set point theory – set point of eating where there is homestasis/balance/comfort Biology of sex Oestrogen - sex hormones that circulate in the bloodstream of both men and women, more oestrogen in women Progestational hormones – sex hormones that circulate the bloodstream of both men and women, more in women than men Androgens – sex hormones that circulate the bloodstream of both men and women, more in men Sex response cycle – the pattern of physiological arousal during and after sexual activity Achievement motivation Acheivement motivation – the degree to which a person establishes specific goals, cares about meeting those goals and experiences feelings of satisfaction by doing so Wellbeing - a combination of a cognitive judgement of satisfaction with life and the frequent experiencing of positive moods and emotions, also known as subjective wellbeing Alternative to maslows hierarchy – ERG theory Existence, relatedness and growth. From bottom up QUESTIONS The fact that some people like rollercoasters and other scary amusement park rides has been cited as evidence for the arousal theory of motivation Evolutionary theories of motivation are modern outgrowths of theories based on instincts. The values of incentives are affected by biological, social, and cognitive factors People may continue to eat when they are full, suggesting that eating is not controlled by biological needs alone. People with an eating disorder called bulimia nervosa know they have a problem, while those with an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa tend not to. Psychologists have found that we experience motivation when we recognize a discrepancy between our current situation and how we want that situation to be. In revising Maslow's model, self-actualization can be replaced by three other needs: the need to find a mate, the need to keep a mate, and the need to become a parent