10 Psychological Determinants of Behavior (Drives, Motives, Behavior) PDF

Behavioral Sciences need→ instinct→ drive → motivation Prof. Neslihan Akkişi (MD) life is unsteady (changes) can not be washed twice in a river … herakleitos  life life is continuity. – continuity of individual nutrition, sleeping,...

Behavioral Sciences need→ instinct→ drive → motivation Prof. Neslihan Akkişi (MD) life is unsteady (changes) can not be washed twice in a river … herakleitos  life life is continuity. – continuity of individual nutrition, sleeping, sheltering, dressing… – continuation of the type (nature) reproduction life is balance. - corruption - establishment Life is the ability to adapt the change and reestablishment of disrupted balance  homeostasis an attempt to redress the impaired state of the physiological self-regulating mechanisms against internal deviations… (for example blood glucose regulation, blood pressure, heart beat, inner peace, harmony in relationships...)  need: a natural sincere desire to reach an object or to take an action – physiological needs – Social needs instinct: the driving impulse which has not been learned, comes from the requirements of the organism for the formation of behaviors and there is preparation in the nervous system previously. impuls/drive: an internal situation or impetus that leads to the removal of a requirement, the reduction of tension come from need, and the reestablishment of the distorted internal balance  Drive: activating conditions and factors behind behavior and mental functions Are internal states evoked by external stimuli Motive: the internal or external factors that cause the organism to exhibit a particular behavior at a given time Incentive: "attracting" or "pushing" behavior to an external target Arousal: there is a mean level of arousal that people want to pursue, which is related to motivation. Motive covers all. instinct, impulse, impulse, Incentive Mean arousal level  Theories of Motivation Early Broad Theories Attempted to explain all motivation – Focus on explaining what energized behavior, directed behavior, & lead to behavioral persistence Could explain certain aspects of behavior but had problems with others – Refining of existing theories (continuous change) – Paradigm shifts and new theories (discontinuous change)  Drives as Tissue Needs Homeostasis—the constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively maintain Drives may be due to an upset in homeostasis, inducing behavior to correct the imbalance Animals do behave in accordance with their tissue needs (e.g., increasing or decreasing caloric intake, drive for salt) However, homeostasis cannot explain all drives  Arousal Theory People are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal—neither too high nor too low Curiosity motive—helps us understand our environment  Instinct Theories Arose from Darwin’s (1859) ideas – Variation – Natural Selection Instincts genetically programmed behaviors (occur in appropriate conditions, like reflexes, but learning allows some flexibility) Stimulus – instinct (motivation) – appropriate behavior William James (1890) listed 37 instincts :  William James’s list Human Instincts anger standing walking biting sucking secretiveness clasping sympathy parental love cleanliness hunting acquisitiveness crying imitation turning the head to one side curiosity jealousy carrying to the mouth emulation locomotion constructiveness shame love fear of dark places shyness modesty fear of noise sitting up play fear of strange animals smiling pugnacity fear of strange men sociability resentment holding the head erect vocalization  Instinct Theories Problems – Required many instincts (not parsimonious) – Descriptive labels and not explanations (nominal fallacy – naming does not explain) – Poor at making a priori predictions – Circular reasoning (instinct causes behavior and behavior is evidence of instinct) – Poor at handling environment influences behavior (distinguishing learned and unlearned behaviors)  Contemporary Theories derived from Instinct Theories Biology - Ethology – Instincts consistent with evolutionary theory – different animals have different behavior repertoires (Psychologists more interested in principles that can be applied across species) Psychology - Evolutionary Psychology – Behavioral tendencies that help insure reproduction Sexual activity differences between men & women  Learning (Drive) Theories Scientific reaction to instinct paradigm – Instinct theories postulated multitude of motivations (instincts) When does each operate? How do they interact? (e.g., competitiveness vs. sympathy) Drive theories postulate a single motivation (drive) that provides motivation for all behaviors – Learning as directing force of drive (Instinct theories did not emphasize learning) – Drive – Behavioral Persistence & Effort – Learning – Behavioral Choice  Learning (Drive) Theories Key assumptions – Drive caused by deficits (food, water, sleep, etc.) – Drive energizes behavior – Reducing drive is reinforcing and leads to learning (habit) Hull’s (1943, 1952) Drive Theory – Excitatory potential (Behavior in presence of stimulus) = Habit (Learning) x Drive – Drive is general and not specific to deficit – Later added another variable (Incentive motivation – K) that explained external motivation  Learning (Drive) Theories Problems – Motivation without deficits (eating desert when full) – Learning without drive reduction (remembering location of drive relevant stimulus) – Motivation due to external stimuli (artificial sweeteners)  Other Principle Theories Need Theories – People have a finite number of needs and can (based on learning) use different behaviors to obtain them – Needs are now viewed more as personality dispositions (personality differences) rather than sources of motivation  Other Principle Theories Growth/Mastery theories – Reaction to learning theories – Humans driven to master environment (not born with all skills we need) – Motivation is due to discrepancy between abilities and what we need to master  Other Principle Theories Cognitive Theories – Mental representations such as expectations and goals can guide behavior – Past experience (whether rewarded or not) provides us with expectations about result of behaviors which drives behavior – Social Learning - learn from watching others’ behavior and its consequences  Contemporary Perspectives Not possible for single perspective to explain all motivation Study of motivation moved into other scientific disciplines and theories focused on specific motives Different types of motives – Needs – Cognitions – goals & expectations – Emotions – External Multilevel approach – Genetic – Systems – Individual – Social/Cultural  Drives as States of the Brain The hub of many central drive systems lies in the hypothalamus  Drives Organism feels tension created by imbalances “Pushes” an organism to restore the balance, typically reducing the drive and restoring homeostasis Part of drive-reduction theory Drive-Reduction Theory  need instinct drive goal power of drive instintct- drive drive object hunger gratification energy food  Extrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment What things are you extrinsically motivated to do?  Intrinsic Motivation A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective  Incentive Theory Behavior motivated by the “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money and recognition. Drew heavily from well-established learning principles, such as reinforcement, and the work of learning theorists, such as Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner  drive Primary drives: hunger, thirst, sexuality, maternity, curiosity, efficacy, sufficiency; High energy load. Secondary drives : the influences of the environment, such as wealth, success, beauty, appreciation, and learning; Affection - working through dilemmas such as being together, social approval - self-worth, inconsistency - conflict resolution Less energy than the primary ones.  Motivation motivating situation that pushes a person to a certain goal (Life risk) is a strong sign of danger (Learned) social success, appreciation, issues that leave the person at the top behavior to achieve the goal The behavior that will provide satisfaction achieve the goal The cycle of motivation ends.  Motivation Positive motivation (goal orientation) Thirst → water search → drinking water Negative motive (distancing from danger) Dog sight → escape → hiding, (calming) Generalization of motions: a tendency to behave in a similar way to similar objects and events  Motivation The unity of the motivation: the behavior of one instinct, the other instincts provide satisfaction. Money + study motive + friendship + curiosity Co-operation of instigators: making money (positive motive) + fear of being free (negative motive) Conflict of instincts: desire for success (positive motivation) r fear of success (negative motive)  Willpower: the internal force necessary to choose one of the nudists and instigators and to keep the others behind when there is an instinct conflict. Ability to resist habits. The will is continuous but becomes noticeable in difficult situations In general, when social motives are chosen, it is desirable to prevent the primary motives. Willful behavior occurs only in awake consciousness.  Maslow’s Philosophy n To understand humans, you must understand their highest aspirations. (top of pyramid) n Human values are intrinsically good & desirable. - Definition of Humanism n Self-actualizing people can live more freely in the realm of being.  1- Physiological Needs Needs for food, water, air, etc. These are the most “essential” needs One function of civilization is to satisfy these needs so we can focus on the higher ones Behavioral research usually studies at this level  2- Safety Needs Needs for safety, order, security, etc. Focused on after physiological needs met Most commonly seen in children Seen in some adult mental disorders (e.g., Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Dependent Personality Disorder)….Need not met?  3- Belongingness & Love Needs The need for affiliation, for friends, supportive family, group identification, intimate relationships This level and higher ones often not satisfied even in affluent countries These needs being unfulfilled at the root of many mental disturbances (depression, Borderline Personality Disorder) Need to receive and to give love  4- Esteem Needs Need to be held in high regard by self and others (not just “self-esteem”) comes from mastery, achievement, adequacy, feelings of competence, confidence, independence Ideally this need met by the deserved respect of others  5- Self-Actualization Needs A person must actualize, that is make real, what exists inside them as a potential Most other theorists wouldn’t see this as a need – Freud would predict people would stop at lower needs – Even Adler might predict stopping at esteem needs  6- Aesthetic Needs Needs for order, symmetry, closure These needs seen universally in children Seen in all cultures Relationship to the other needs unclear  MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS B E Aesthetic I N Self Actualizing Needs intellectual G Esteem Needs D E Love and Belonging Needs P R I Safety Needs V consistency and predictability A T physical safety I O N Physiological Needs  NEEDS DEPRIVATION The LESS a need is deprived when it first emerges, the BETTER a person is able to tolerate a subsequent deprivation of that need. THEREFORE If you want people to be able to tolerate food deprivation, be certain that they never are hungry If you want people to be able to tolerate danger, be certain they always feel safe. Following this logic, we can conclude: If you want people to be able to tolerate frustration, don’t frustrate them. If you want people to be able to tolerate humiliation, don’t humiliate them. If you want people to be able to tolerate failure, be certain they succeed often. If you want people to be able to tolerate humiliation, be certain you are constantly supportive of and caring toward them. Maslow’s (Humanistic) Assumptions 1. What is the relationship between learning and development? People learn best when their developmental needs are met. (why it is not cognitive) 2. How do people change? By having their needs met. 4. What motivates people? Internal needs. This is at the heart of the theory. 1. How important is behavior? One knows nothing from behavior. We have to understand the underlying need that motivated the behavior. A given stage can give rise to many different behaviors. Likewise, a given behavior can be indicative of many different stages. 2. How important is thinking? Maslow's theory deals with emotions, not cognition. But he does strongly maintain that proper emotional development is crucial to curiosity and to creative thinking. 3. How important are emotions? All important. Emotional well being is the key to thinking and to proper learning.