Pride PDF

} We will begin with Tracy’s definitions of pride, and related research. ◦ This is in line with your reading by Tracy and colleagues. } Later, we will review a critique of her take on pride. ◦ This is the Holbrook research that she cites in the reading. } Tracy primarily takes a Basic Emotion approa...

} We will begin with Tracy’s definitions of pride, and related research. ◦ This is in line with your reading by Tracy and colleagues. } Later, we will review a critique of her take on pride. ◦ This is the Holbrook research that she cites in the reading. } Tracy primarily takes a Basic Emotion approach, in which a specific facial and body expression is shown with pride. ◦ As well, people reliably recognize the display of pride. ◦ Cross-cultural research supports this. } } She also argues for a functional perspective. The Basic Emotion approach is undermined by the fact that most expressions of pride are not like this. ◦ People will tell you that this expression is for pride but it is not an expression they show in their lives. } } } } } Authentic pride: to feel accomplished and confident. This is consistent with achievement and competence. The individual can make positive contributions to the group. Individuals who have generally high levels of authentic pride show a broad profile of healthy adjustment, both in terms of their own intrapsychic states (e.g., low in depression) and in terms of their social relationships. } } } } Hubristic pride: to feel arrogant and conceited. This is consistent with aggrandizing the self in a selfish egotistical manner, even as it harms others. Individuals who have generally high levels of hubristic pride show a broad profile of unhealthy adjustment, both in terms of their own intrapsychic states and in terms of their social relationships. } Study on semantic structure of generated words for a pose ◦ Two cluster solution: one included terms such as “accomplished,” “triumphant,” and “confident.” The other included terms such as “conceited”, “cocky,” and “arrogant.” } Study on the recall of pride experience ◦ Two-factor solution emerges for self-ratings on various terms reflecting both types of pride. } Findings from North America have been replicated in China. ◦ This suggests cross-cultural consistency for pride. } Authentic pride: positive association with explicit self-esteem ◦ Explicit self-esteem corresponds to people's responses to items such as "I feel I have a number of good qualities" and "I deserve respect". } Authentic pride is associated with a broad profile of social desirability and adjustment on the Big Five: positive associations with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness emotional stability (reverse of neuroticism), and openness to experience). } Hubristic pride: negative association with agreeableness and conscientiousness. Linked to lower explicit self-esteem, and more shame-proneness. } Shame proneness as assessed with the TOSCA. } Attributions can be considered in terms of three dimensions: } internal external } stable unstable } uncontrollable controllable } Internal refers to something within the person who met a certain outcome. This could be for example effort or ability. ◦ An internal cause could be specific (effort) or global (broad range of abilities). } } Stability refers to whether the cause is always present (stable) or only present at times (unstable). Controllability refers to how much the person who met a certain outcome can control what caused it. } Authentic pride seems to result from attributions to ◦ internal, ◦ specific, ◦ unstable, ◦ controllable causes. ◦ For example, "I did well on the job interview because I worked hard prepare myself." } Hubristic pride seems linked to attributions to } internal, } global, } stable, } uncontrollable causes. } For example, "I did well in a job interview because I have outstanding abilities and I always do well." } Parallels between authentic pride and guilt: ◦ Authentic pride and guilt are both linked to internal, specific, unstable, and controllable attributions. – I feel guilty because I did something wrong, but it is not about me as a person. The wrong was because of some specific thing (e.g., I was really tired, so I did not offer to help). This is a temporary cause (unstable), and I can make sure this does not happen again (make sure that when I am very tired, I think carefully about what I say). } } Parallels between hubristic pride and shame Hubristic pride and shame are both linked to internal, global, stable, and uncontrollable attributions. } I feel shame because I am a bad person (internal and global). This is my nature (stable and uncontrollable). } Pride helps individuals transform valued achievements into higher social status ◦ Displays with expansive posture, a slight smile, and upward head tilt are judged positively, and are seen as communicating prestige (knowledge and respect from others in their group) (Witkower et al., 2020). ◦ People who adopt pride expression, in particular an expanded chest, have stronger feelings of confidence and are more active (Cuddy et al., 2018). ◦ People who experience acute pride subsequently behave in a more dominant matter (Williams and DeSteno, 2008). – They are more active and take a leading role when subsequently working on a task with another. } } Humans evolved to seek and attain two distinct forms of high status. Prestige: Status is granted on the basis of knowledge, skills, and earned respect. That is, it is based on the knowledge and insight that you can share. Aggression is not acceptable. ◦ It is argued that authentic pride facilitates achieving such status, as individuals with authentic pride are more agreeable and conscientious. } } Dominance: Status is achieved through force, threat, and intimidation. That is, it is based on creating fear in others. It is argued that hubristic pride leads to such dominance as individuals with hubristic pride: ◦ may behave in an aggressive and intimidating fashion. ◦ see themselves as better than others. ◦ have little concern for others' well-being (i.e., have low empathy). } } } What does Tracy et al. assert: Authentic pride is linked to effort attributions (i.e., “I succeeded because I worked hard”). Authentic pride is prosocial and constructive. Hubristic pride is linked to ability attributions (i.e., “I succeeded because I am brilliant”). Hubristic pride is linked to more facets of narcissism, and to coercion, and low empathy. } } } What have Tracy et al. done: Authentic and hubristic pride are measured via self-report. Authentic pride: accomplished, confident, fulfilled, productive, and successful. Hubristic pride: arrogant, conceited, egotistical, pompous, and snobbish. } The measure of “hubristic pride” is really a measure of the perception that one has engaged in excessive displays of pride. ◦ It is a social strategy. ◦ One has claimed more credit for a success than is truly merited or socially desirable. These are unmerited claims for credit. ◦ It is not a measure of subjective feelings of pride. Indeed, the items are not socially desirable, and one can argue that they are inconsistent with feeling good about yourself. ◦ In sum, it is about unmerited pride. } Holbrook and colleagues show that individuals with higher scores on the measure of “Hubristic Pride:” ◦ indicate that they are being phony and fake when they claim credit for a success. ◦ feel that their success is NOT due to internal factors such as ability or effort. } When participants think back to their greatest achievements: ◦ Higher scores on a trait measure of “Hubristic Pride” were associated with lower effort attributions; no link to ability. } When thinking back to their worse failures: ◦ Higher scores on a trait measure of “Hubristic Pride” were associated with seeing the failure as due to lack of effort, lack of ability, and to stable causes in themselves (that they cannot change). } Individuals with high scores on the measure of “Hubristic Pride” have a self-deprecating view of their failures. ◦ The measure of “Hubristic Pride” does not seem to capture a tendency for dominance and grandiosity (seeing yourself as better than others), which is what is argued by Tracy and colleagues. } In a social perception study, participants considered a person who had a positive outcome, and either deserved credit or not. They rated the causes of the outcome, and how much “Hubristic Pride” the person felt. ◦ Participants who saw more “Hubristic Pride” in the person also saw the outcome as NOT due to the person’s ability or effort, and more due to external factors (e.g., other people). – But Tracy and colleagues argue that “Hubristic Pride” is tied to seeing oneself as having ability. This is not what people think! ◦ Participants saw the person as fake or phony. } } } The measure of “authentic pride” is really a measure that one perceives success as merited, and as due to both effort and ability. Individuals with higher scores on the “authentic pride” measure make attributions to both effort and ability for their successes. Not just to effort, as Tracy and colleagues argue. These individuals feel that the pride is merited, as they will tell you that they are not being fake or phony for these feelings. Rather, they are genuine. } } Feelings of merited pride are not necessarily prosocial, as claimed by Tracy and colleagues for authentic pride. Holbrook and colleagues show that the measure of “Authentic Pride” is positively correlated with narcissism (as noted by Tracy in your reading), and with a willingness to coerce others to get your way. } Unmerited pride: The measure of “Hubristic Pride” is not of prideful feelings, but of taking excessive unmerited credit. ◦ It is a social strategy that is disliked by others, and that masks a negative view of self. } Merited pride: The measure of “Authentic Pride” is a measure of merited pride. ◦ It is a subjective positive view of self that might be communicated, or might not. } I think that the critique raises very good points. } } } Why do Tracy and colleagues report findings that “Authentic Pride” scores are positively correlated with effort attributions and not ability attributions? Because they did not analyze their data properly. They collapsed across attributions for both successes and failures. Same problem for why Tracy and colleagues report findings that “Hubristic Pride” scores are positively correlated with ability but not effort attributions. } Tracy’s big theoretical picture was of linking “authentic pride” to prestige, and linking “hubristic pride” to dominance. ◦ There is one longitudinal study linking authentic pride to prestige, and hubristic pride to dominance, but effects are small. Replications are needed. ◦ How pride relates to prestige and dominance remains highly debated, as noted by Tracy in your reading.