Motivation Presentation PDF

Motivation Motivated by Food  RMIT Classification: Trusted Learning Objectives ✓ Define motivation ✓ Identify different sources of motivation: Physiological, emotional, cognitive, and social ✓ E...

Motivation Motivated by Food  RMIT Classification: Trusted Learning Objectives ✓ Define motivation ✓ Identify different sources of motivation: Physiological, emotional, cognitive, and social ✓ Explain and give examples of the following motivation concepts/theories Instinct doctrine Drive reduction theory Arousal theory Incentive theory Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Alderfer’s ERG theory Self-Determination Theory Theory Achievement Motivation Theory ✓ Motivation and work performance and wellbeing ✓ Explain how motives can conflict with each other ✓ Describe the biological, social, and cultural influences on Eating (plus weight and eating disorders)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Definitions of motivation vary based on the theoretical underpinnings that Motivation Definitions informed the definition Definitions may vary based on assumed sources of motivation (physiological, Richard F. Thompson, 1975: "The behaviours that we call 'motivated' are emotional, cognitive, social, cultural, and environmental) frequently described as 'goal-directed' and 'purposive.' They do not Motivation is "the state in which an organism experiences an inducement seem to happen either at random or in an automatic, reflexive fashion but appear to be guided by their consequences, related to some goal, or incentive to do something" (Rathus, and carried out in such a manner as to satisfy the present and future needs of the individual or the species." 2014, p.) C. R. Gallistel, 1980: "Drive. A signal originating at a high level in the hierarchical structure underlying behaviour, which potentiates one class Let’s keep it broad for now: The driving force behind behaviour. of behaviours, for example, behaviours that contribute to the maintenance of body water (thirst behaviours), and depotentiates other classes of behaviour.” William McDougal, 1908: "The human mind has certain innate or inherited tendencies which are the essential springs or motive powers of all thought and action." Harvey A. Carr, 1925: "A motive is defined as a relatively permanent stimulus that dominates the behaviour of an organism until it responds in such a manner that it is no longer affected by it." Motivation Theories with physiological Focus  RMIT Classification: Trusted Instinct Doctrine Asserts that behaviour is motivated by instinct McDougall stated that there are 18 instincts Today, this list is much longer (over 10.000) Later instinct theories includes fixed and modal action patterns adapting to environmental change.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Drive reduction theory & Homeostasis Physiological drives create needs Primary drives – biological such as water and food Secondary drives – learned requirements such as money Unbalanced need such as thirst sets of need A need is a balance disturbance The balance disturbance creates an urge/drive to return to the equilibrium (balance) The drive provides motivation to satisfy the need Behaviour is initiated to satisfy need Equilibrium restored These theories introduce more complex interactions between internal states and external stimuli – cognitive, social and Physiological  RMIT Classification: Trusted Arousal theory Arousal theory states that we are motivated to maintain an optimal (best) level of stimulation or arousal (Wood, Wood, & Boyd, 2008). We engage in acts to increase arousal when too low and vice versa. Example: We had a stressful day at work, we come home and unwind by watching a relaxing movie, vs. we work from home, and the day is very quiet, we may opt to go for a run to elevate arousal levels RMIT Classification: Trusted Arousal theory Difficult tasks best performed under lower levels of arousal Simple tasks best performed under higher levels of RMIT Classification: Trusted Incentive theory Environmental stimuli motivate behaviour Cognitive factors influence expectations of the value of various rewards and the likelihood of attaining them Motivated to get positive incentives (rewards) Motivated to avoid negative incentives (punishments)  Integration of physiological, emotional, cognitive, and social sources of motivation  RMIT Classification: Trusted Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Maslow believed that lower needs must be satisfied first The issue with this theory relate to: People can satisfy multiple needs simultaneously or not in this order Some cultures may prioritise social needs over individualistic needs like self-actualisation. Personal circumstances or physiological factors and experiences can influence the order and priority of needs. The concept of self-actualisation is subjective and varies from person to person. Lack of empirical support RMIT Classification: Trusted Alderfer’s ERG theory ERG stands for Existence, Relatedness and Growth The focus might shift between needs if a higher-level need is not attainable (frustration-regression) Frustration regression is not negative but adaptive More flexible than Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs Also lacks empirical support  RMIT Classification: Trusted Self-Determination Theory Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Psychological framework for understanding human motivation and personality, developed by Deci & Ryan. Core Psychological Needs: Autonomy: Desire to be causal agents and have control over one's own life. Competence: Need to effectively interact with the environment and achieve mastery. Relatedness: Desire to connect with others and feel belongingness. When our needs are thwarted, we may resort to satisfying extrinsic motivations Types of Motivation: Intrinsic Motivation: Engaging in activities for inherent satisfaction and personal gratification. Extrinsic Motivation: Performing tasks to achieve separate outcomes (spectrum from external regulation to integrated regulation). Cognitive Motivation Theory RMIT Classification: Trusted Achievement Motivation Theory Focusses on achievement in a competitive environment People high in achievement goals often seek tasks that are moderately challenging, preferring tasks where success is based on personal effort rather than luck Differentiates between learning and performance goals When under pressure, people high in achievement goals might focus on performance goals due to their strong desire to achieve and be recognised for their achievements. Promoting learning goals might create a more innovative, explorative, and less stressful environment Performance goals could drive higher immediate results under competitive conditions but hinder intrinsic learning Motivation in the real-world  RMIT Classification: Trusted Development of achievement motivation Empowering Through Goal Setting: Allowing employees to set and achieve clear, meaningful goals increases job performance and satisfaction (Maynard et al., 200 6; Katzell & Thompson, 1990). Characteristics of Effective Goals: 1.Personal Meaning and Acceptance: Goals should be personally meaningful to employees. Management should ensure goals are accep ted by involving employees in the goal-setting process (Klein, Wesson et al., 1999). 2. Specificity and Clarity: Goals need to be specific and concrete. For example, increasing sales by 10% provides clear directio n and measurable outcomes (Locke & Latham, 1990, 2002). 3. Management Support: Effective goal setting is supported by management through rewards, encouragement, and resources (Kluger & DeNisi, 1998). Connection to Workplace Success: Well-defined goals link to higher productivity, less absenteeism, and greater employee loyalty ( Ilgen & Pulakos, 1999; Burke & Fiksenbaum, 2009). Cultural Considerations: Understanding motivation across cultures is crucial as workplace dynamics become globalized (Gagné et al., 2015). Achievement and Wellbeing: Greater achievement and material gains do not necessarily equate to increased happiness. Wellbeing involves life satisfaction and positive emotional experiences (Seligman et al., 2005; Sheldon & King, 2001; Samuel et al., 2013).  RMIT Classification: Trusted 1. Types of Motivational Conflicts: Approach-Approach Conflict: Choosing between two desirable options, e.g., deciding between attending a movie or a party with friends (Elliot, 2008; Miller, 1959). Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: Choosing between two undesirable alternatives, e.g., Deciding whether to take a pay cut or to continue working in a highly stressful environment Approach-Avoidance Conflict: An option that has both appealing and unappealing aspects, e.g., You are considering the purchase of an expensive, environmentally friendly car. You are attracted to the idea of reducing your carbon footprint but hesitant about the high upfront cost. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict: Choosing between options that both have positive and negative aspects, making them hard to compare, e.g., choosing between two jobs with different sets of pros and cons. 2. Impact of Conflicts: Conflicts can cause significant stress and emotional arousal The resolution of these conflicts can be complex and prolong stress, especially when choices are equivocal, have equal motivational strength, or have serious consequences 3. Personal Reflection: Snapshot 'A Stressful Conflict': Reflect on personal decisions, like choosing a university, that may have Understanding Motivational involved motivational conflicts. Consider the type of conflict, key decision factors, and emotional stress experienced during the process. 4. Long-Term Consequences: Conflicts and Their Impact Even after resolving a conflict, stress may continue, manifesting as worry about decision correctness or regret over choices made. Prolonged exposure to these conflicts and stress can potentially lead to depression or other serious mental health issues. The Biological, Social, and Cultural Influences on Eating (Plus Weight and Eating Disorders)  RMIT Classification: Trusted Where to get help: Eating Disorders Victoria: You can contact the Hub via phone on 1300 550 236 Life line: 13 11 14 Australia and New Zealand Academy for Eating Disorders (ANZAED) https://www.anzaed.org.au/ Beyond Blue https://www.beyondblue.org.au  RMIT Classification: Trusted Regulating Eating Motivation- Biological 1. Physical Indicators of Hunger: Stomach Contractions: Often referred to as hunger pangs, these are sensations felt when the stomach is empty. 2. Brain Structures Involved in Hunger Regulation: Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) - Feeding Centre: Stimulation: Initiates eating behaviours. Destruction: This leads to a cessation of feeding, indicating its crucial role in hunger motivation. Ventromedial Nucleus (VMN) - Fullness Centre: Stimulation: Inhibits eating, signalling fullness. Destruction: Causes continuous feeding, highlighting its role in satiety. Paraventricular Nucleus: Stimulation: Results in reduced food intake. Damage: This can cause obesity due to unregulated eating. 3. Biochemical Triggers: Glucose (Blood Sugar) Levels: Low Levels: Trigger hunger as the body signals the need for energy replenishment.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Family and Peer Dynamics: Eatingbehaviours are often learned and reinforced within family settings, where meal patterns, portions, and preferences are established. Children adopt eating habits that are observed in parents and siblings. Peerinfluence plays a significant role, especially in adolescence, where social acceptance can be linked to eating certain types of foods or following diets popular among peer groups. Social Norms and Expectations: Socialnorms around eating affect behaviours such as when and where it is appropriate to eat, what constitutes a meal, and how much to eat in social settings. Celebrations, social gatherings, and business meetings often revolve around food, which can influence individual eating habits and choices. Social Media and Advertising: Exposure to food advertising and media portrayals of ideal body images can influence eating behaviours and self-esteem, often promoting unhealthy dieting or eating patterns. Social Factors Social media platforms amplify trends like "clean eating," which can shape public perceptions of what is healthy and desirable.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Cultural factors Cultural Heritage and Traditions: Different cultures have distinct culinary traditions and dietary practices, which influence what individuals consider normal or desirable to eat. Religious and cultural practices often dictate dietary choices, such as halal, kosher, vegetarianism, or fasting rituals. Cultural Values and Ideals: Cultural values can impact dietary habits, such as the emphasis on freshness and natural ingredients in some cultures versus the preference for fast and convenient food in others. The cultural emphasis on thinness versus robustness can influence personal eating habits and societal pressure to conform to certain body standards. Migration and Globalization: Exposure to global cuisines and the merging of dietary habits from different cultures can influence individual food choices a nd lead to diet diversification. Immigrants often blend traditional dietary practices with those of the new environment, creating unique hybrid eating habits.  RMIT Classification: Trusted Obesity Obesity: excess accumulation of body fat, BMI>30 28% of adults were classified obese in 2014 Reduces life span by an average of 6–7 years A growing problem in children Caused by inadequate physical activity combined with overeating, portion size and fatty foods Treatments include: Bariatric surgery Medication Weight loss programs  RMIT Classification: Trusted Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa: Compulsive dieting and weight loss Distorted body image with the inability to recognise the seriousness of their significantly low body weigh See self as overweight despite being thin Irrational fear of gaining weight Begins in adolescence About 95% of sufferers are young females Causes serious, often irreversible physical damage Incidence appears to be increasing Patients often have co-morbid psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder Treatment currently focusses on drugs, hospitalisation and psychotherapy  RMIT Classification: Trusted Bulimia Estimates range from 1–3% in young women Binge-purge episodes up to twice per day Most with bulimia see their eating habits as problematic Usually not life-threatening Patients with bulimia nervosa will binge and purge without a corresponding low BMI Dehydration and nutritional problems Dental problems due to acids from vomiting RMIT Classification: Trusted Assignment – Sensory Marketing