Human Behavior and Social Environment PDF

1. Psychodynamic Theories A. Theories of Personality Emphasizes the overriding influence of instinctive drives and forces, as well as the importanc...

1. Psychodynamic Theories A. Theories of Personality Emphasizes the overriding influence of instinctive drives and forces, as well as the importance of Personality – A dynamic and organized set of development in shaping one’s personality. characteristics possessed by a person; Iit is also the pattern of thoughts, feelings, and social adjustments exhibited that strongly influences one’s expectations, Proponents of Psychodynamic Theories self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Human Behavior – refers to the range of actions, Carl Jung Analytical Psychology reactions or conduct exhibited by individuals or Erik Erikson Identity Psychology; groups in response to stimuli or situations. It Psychosocial Development of encompasses both observable actions and internal Personality processes such as thoughts and emotions. Alfred Adler Individual Psychology Social Functioning – Refers to the ability of an individual to meet the role expectations associated Karen Horney Feminine Psychology; Neurotic Needs and Trends with a particular status or role; it is also the relation between the activity of people and the demand of the Erich Fromm Humanistic Psychoanalysis environment. OTHER TERMS: 1.1 Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Motivation – what people want and how much Freud is the founder of psychoanalysis. It they want something; became the foundation of other Capacity-internal – resources that people psychodynamic theories. bring to the change process which includes Formulated the Models of the Mind: Id, Ego, their fitness and maladaptiveness to deal with and Superego and work out possible solutions for their ○ Conscious – current thoughts, problems; feelings, and perceptual focus. Opportunity – Conditions of the environment ○ Preconscious (Subconscious) – that invite and support change such as the Home of everything we can recall or availability of support group and other external retrieve from our memory… resources; ○ Unconscious – the deepest level of Service – professional actions aimed at the our minds; a repository of the motivation, capacity, and opportunity brought processes that drive our behavior, by the clients; including biologically determined Problem – The situation that the client and instinctual desires… These are social worker are addressing; the worker’s thoughts that a person is unaware of. point of entry in the helping process. Theory – set of concepts organized to explain Updated Models of the Mind relationships about certain aspects of the Id (Instinct) – Unconscious, Instinct to survive world. (eros) and destroy (thanatos); focuses on the desire and pleasure Ego (Self) – Develops in infancy; it keeps check on Id. Focuses on reality.  Superego (Conscience) – This is where conflict. The emotions originally felt about the morality resides; it encourages social other person are now felt toward the self. responsibility. Focuses on one’s morality. Emotional Insulation – Reducing ego involvement by protective withdrawal or Defense Mechanisms passivity. Anxiety – Controls our behavior by avoiding Intellectualization – Preventing affection in threatening experiences in the environment. hurtful situations by separating incompatible attitudes into logic-tight compartments. Birth Trauma – A type of anxiety that occurs when one is separated from their mothers at birth. Freud’s Psychosexual Development Fixation – A persistent focus on an earlier Defense Mechanisms – They happen when the psychosexual stage. Until this conflict is person has psychological conflicts and ego attempts resolved, the individual will remain “stuck” in to prevent psychological disintegration. this stage. For Freud, this fixation will not go unless satisfied according to the individual’s Types of Defense Mechanisms needs at a stage in their life. Repression – pushing disturbing memories or threatening thoughts into the unconscious. Oral Stage (0-1 years): - tasting/sucking Denial – ego blocking overwhelming Mouth - weaning experiences, refusing to believe what is Anal Stage (1-3 years): - expelling/retaining happening Bladder and Anus - toilet training Projection – resolving discomfort by attributing our unacceptable thoughts, Phallic Stage - masturbating feelings, and motives to another person. (3-6 years): Genitals - identifying Displacement – The ego satisfies the Latent Stage - repressing unconscious by acting on a substitute in a (6-puberty): Inactive - transforming socially unacceptable way. Regression – The functioning returns to a Genital Stage - sexual intimacy former stage of psychological development to (puberty-death): Genitals - loving another cope with stress (e.g., having a tantrum like a young child.) Oral Stage – It is when the child may also Sublimation – the ego overcomes conflict by develop issues with dependency and channeling surplus energy into a socially aggression. Having problems satisfying this acceptable activity (e.g., channeling anxiety stage may develop problems with drinking, into exercise, or other creative pursuits.) smoking, and/or nail-biting. Reaction Formation – Preventing awareness Anal Stage – To succeed in this stage, of expressing unacceptable desires by parents must balance reward and punishment. responding in the opposite behavior. Thus, This allows a child to grow capable and objectionable thoughts are repressed. productive. Failure to satisfy this stage may Rationalization – Using “contrived” lead to the following: explanations to conceal or disguise unworthy ○ Anal-expulsive: messy, wasteful, motives for one’s behavior. Minimizing destructive something to which one has aspired but failed ○ Anal-retentive: stringent, orderly, rigid, to obtain. obsessive Introjection – It is taking direct characteristics Phallic Stage – Develops the following: of another person into self to avoid direct  ○ Oedipus Complex – feeling of wanting take sides in the client’s to possess the mother and replace the internal conflicts. This demands father. distancing the analyst from ○ Castration Anxiety – feeling of young imposing value systems to the boys when they fear their father for client. having such superiority. Countertransference Analysis: ○ Electra Complex – feeling of wanting Analyst’s responses and to possess their father and replace reactions to the client and the their mother. They in turn, feel penis material they present during envy, in feeling inferior from their the session. It involves tracking father. the analyst’s own dispositions Latent Period – Libido interest is suppressed. that are co-determine by the Child becomes more concerned with peer client… It maintains clinical relationships, hobbies, and interests. boundaries. Genital Stage – having strong interest in the opposite sex. The goal of this stage is to have 1.2 Carl Jung balance in various life areas. Father of analytical psychology Psychoanalysis as a Perspective ○ Deciphering how the unconscious 1.3 Erik Erikson mind governs conscious processes in Founder of the Stages of Psychosocial ways that interfere with healthy Development psychological functioning. He posited that a person’s personality ○ Biologically determined unconscious develops in a predetermined order; it is in forces drive human behavior, often these eight stages that a person has to face rooted in early experiences of psychosocial crises and needs that will affect attempting to get our basic needs met. their personality development positively or Psychoanalysis as a Therapy Technique negatively. ○ Four Ideas of Psychoanalysis: The Eight Stages of Psychosocial Interpretation: An attempt to Development analyze a client's unconscious ○ Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust. (0 - 1 conflicts and integrate them to year) the client’s motivation to Feeding is a crucial part of mobilize defense mechanisms. developing trust or mistrust in Clarification an infant. The caregiver must Confrontation be conscious about the infant’s Interpretation cues when they need to be fed. Transference Analysis: It is an implication of having the Repetition of unconscious infant’s needs being met in the conflicts rooted in the client’s world, thus, creating a sense of relational past in the trust and security. It also leads relationship with the analyst... It to a virtue of hope. is the main river of change On the contrary, being during treatment. inconsistent with providing Technical Neutrality: The support to an infant causes attempt and commitment of the them to develop anxiety, fear, analyst to remain neutral and  and insecurity that their world ○ Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (19 - 29 may not be able to meet their years) needs. ○ Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation Being able to build an infant’s (30 - 64 years) trust develops resilience and ○ Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 - ability to cope with stress or above) adversity in the future. ○ Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt. (1 - 3 years) 2. Behaviorist theories At this stage, the child must be supported to develop mobility 2.1 Piaget and a sense of independence. This encourages them to 2.2 Skinner develop a virtue of will. A way to practice this is through toilet training and 3. Humanistic theories allowing the child to choose what to wear, eat, etc. 3.1 Maslow If autonomy is practiced and encouraged in a tolerant environment, the child learns 3.2 Rogers that they have the means to survive independently. Allow Family Theories them to explore the limitations of their capacities all the while supporting them so that failure 4. Phases of Personality does not happen constantly. Development Otherwise, a controlling environment which does not welcome failures leads a child 4.1 Steps in human growth and to feel shame, doubts, low development and corresponding self-esteem, insecurity, and characteristics codependency. 1.1 Oral sensory A delicate balance of autonomy 1.2 Muscular-anal and control is a must, letting a 1.3 Locomotor-genital child understand that they can’t 1.4 Latency always control their 1.5 Puberty and adolescence environment, but have the 1.6 Young adulthood ability to exercise control over 1.7 Adulthood their decisions and actions. 1.8 Maturity ○ Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 6 years) 4.2 Developmental tasks ○ Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (7 - 11 2.1 Infancy and early childhood (birth to 6 years) years) ○ Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion 2.2 Middle childhood (6 to 12 years) (12 - 18 years)  2.3 Pre-adolescence and adolescence (12 to 18 years) 2.4 Early adulthood (18 to 35 years) 2.5 Middle age (35 to 60 years) 2.6 Later life (60 years and above) 3. Determinants of behavior 3.1 Heredity 3.2 Environment 3.3 Training  ○ Determined by legal or cultural bases. B. Social Deviance 2. Psychological and Sociological 1. Definition and Types of Deviance Theories Social Deviance – disapproved behavior and traits, characteristics or conditions that generate a similar Structural-functionalist Theory on Deviant condemnatory rejection/reaction in others. Action that is likely to generate reactions to Behaviors (Emile Durkheim): the actor by or from certain audiences. “When deviance is punished, it gives the idea that norms are indeed present in the society.” Deviant Behavior – Behavior which does not Deviance serves two primary roles in conform to social expectations; it is regarded as creating social stability (Homeostasis): wrongdoings that generate negative reactions in ○ Tells members of society by laying out persons who witness or hear about the act. patterns of acceptable and unacceptable behavior by recognizing Types of Deviance (Edwin Lemert): the punishments of deviant acts. ○ The boundaries between populations Primary Deviance – A violation of norms that are created by social parameters, do not result in any long-term effects on the which enable an “us-versus-them” individual's self-image or interactions with mentality to the varied groups in others. society. ○ Unintentional and may not happen again. Secondary Deviance – Occurs when Subcultural Theory members of society label a person’s actions Groups have different values from the primary as deviant. culture. It pulls off the peer group that ○ Labels socially constructed are encourages individuals to commit a crime. adapted. Status Frustration – sense of personal failure and inadequacy Views of Social Deviance Deviance as Relative – It changes overtime Subcultural Theory 1 Subcultural Theory 2 based on the location, time, culture, and/or Albert Cohen – Cloward & Ohlin – situation or context. “working-class “illegitimate opportunity Deviance as Normative – It is based on what subcultures emerge structure affects what is right and wrong; the violation of norms, because they are denied type of subculture folkways, mores, taboos, and laws. status in society.” emerges in response to Deviance as Reactive – It is based on the status frustration.” social definition of the audience. Subjectivist Perspective – Deviance is conceived as a social definition. Types of Subcultures (Cloward & Ohlin): ○ Based on social interaction, and Criminal Subculture – organized crime emphasizes the social construct and where career criminals attract youths into their interpretation of society. business that might result in success. Objectivist Perspective – Deviance is conceptualized as a norm violation.  Conflict Subculture – Gangs organized by Premises of Symbolic Interactionism young people themselves, claiming territories Meaning – construction of social reality; used from other gangs. by the person in dealing with things he Retreatist Subculture – Those who are encounters. unable to access either legitimate or Language – the source of meaning; use a illegitimate opportunity structures might drop universal language. out altogether but might do so as a group (ex. Thoughts – the process of taking the role of Escapism, Prostitution). others; inner conversation with oneself. Differential Opportunity (Richard Cloward The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton & Lloyd Ohlin) Cooley) “When young people can become successful via Refers to people shaping their identity based legitimate means, then they will turn to deviant or on the perception of others. criminal behavior.” Criminal activities are likely to happen when people lack legitimate opportunities and The Strain Theory illegitimate opportunities are more easily accessible to them. The Concept of Anomie (Durkheim) “Rules of behavior have broken down or become Social Disorganization Theory (by inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crises” Chicago School) “Crime is most likely to occur in communities with The Concept of Strain (Robert K. Merton) weak social ties and the absence of social control.” “The discrepancies between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve Conflict Theory (Karl Marx) these goals” “Social order is maintained by domination and power Deviance arises from a lack of ways to reach (rather than consensus and conformity).” socially accepted goals by accepted means. Individuals and groups within society will work to maximize their benefits. Social Control Theory – has two groups Bourgeoisie – the elite class Proletariat – the working class Symbolic Interactionism (George Herbert Mead) “Human action and interaction are understandable only through the exchange of meaningful Differential Association (Edwin communication or symbols.” Symbols are based on social interpretation or Sutherland) meaning. Posits that our life’s choices are affected by the friends we choose.  We associate ourselves with what the group is Commitment – the value individuals consider in culture, norms, beliefs, etc. in their devotion of time, energy, and effort to An individual will choose the criminal path certain activities or institutions. when the balance of definitions for Involvement – The time individuals spend law-breaking exceeds those for law-abiding. participating in activities or institutions. Belief – the individual’s view of the legitimacy Social Control Theory (Travis Hirschi) of societal norms. Refers to how society’s norms, rules, laws, and structures regulate human behavior. Deterrence Theory Our attitudes are determined by rules and “People are most likely to be dissuaded from laws. committing a crime if the punishment is swift, sure, and severe.” Formal Means of Informal Means Social Control Two Types of Deterrence: Specific Deterrence – refers to the aim of - enforced by the - internationalization of imposing punishment to deter individuals who government to prevent norms and values by a the establishment of process known as have already offended from doing so again. chaos or anomie in socialization. General Deterrence – the imposition of society. - Informal Sanctions - punishment to deter potential offenders. - Formal Sanctions - emerge in face-to-face ways to recognize and social interactions. Concepts of Deterrence: enforce norm violations officially Severity of Punishment – the punishment must be severe enough to deter people from committing crime. Two Types of Social Control Theory (Kimbell Certainty of Punishment – a person must Young): know that the punishment will be imposed. Positive Social Control – rewards and Celerity of Punishment – the punishment incentives must be imposed quickly so that it is not too Negative Social Control - threat or punishment late to avoid the consequences. Two Types of Social Control (Karl Mannheim) Labeling Theory (Howard Becker) Direct Social Control – exercises upon the An individual concludes their identity based on individual, which depends upon the people’s the label the society imposes. reaction who are living within the proximity. Shaming – the act of publicly criticizing and Indirect Social Control – exercises upon an drawing attention to someone. individual by factors like customs, laws, and Stigma – any negative attitude, prejudice, or opinions, which affect the entire social system false belief associated with specific traits, or circumstances to a master status. Four Social Bonds “The stronger one’s social bonds to family and Types of Labeling religious, civic, and other groups – the less likely one Retrospective Labeling – interpreting is to commit a crime.” someone’s past considering some present Attachment – emotional and close ties with deviance. relationships.  Projective Labeling – Using a deviant Second Wave – succeeded in securing identity to predict one’s future actions and career options for women and many projecting by imagining what he might do in reproductive rights. the future. Third Wave – fights for equality by focusing exclusively on female victims of Neutralization Theory (Gresham Sykes; gender-neutral issues. David Matza) Types of Feminism The more you know the law, the more you Liberal Feminism – advocates for equality have the tendency to commit a crime. between the sexes through social and political reforms and legal means. Techniques of Neutralization Radical Feminism – the male-dominate Denial of Responsibility – The criminal act hierarchy is responsible for the oppressed as an accident status of women Denial of Injury – The criminal act did not Cultural Feminism – women’s essence cause any harm or it has no victim should be infused and celebrated with the Denial of the Victim – The offender thinks male-dominated world that the victim deserves the deviant act Socialist Feminism – oppressed status of Condemnation of the Condemners – women can be attributed to unequal treatment condemners are placed with negative images at both the workplace and in the house. because they oppose criminal behavior. Ecofeminism – believes that to maintain a Appeal to Higher Loyalties - when a person healthy environment, women must try to breaks the law of a larger society to protect reduce or lessen the destruction of the his immediate circles like family and friends. environment. Black Feminism – believes that the liberation of all women, discrimination of economic 3. Different Perspectives of Theories classes, and racial discrimination can be of Social Deviation achieved through the successful liberation of black women. Ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel) Separatist Feminism – It is better to remove relationship with men A study of how social order emerges from and through social interaction processes. Indexicality – nothing has a fixed meaning, Chivalry Perspective everything depends on the context. Proposes that members of society are Reflexivity – we use our common sense to socialized not to see girls and women as construct meaning and order and to prevent deviants. indexicality from occurring. Patriarchal Explanations Feminist Theory Posits that male-dominated social institutions, especially the family, are designed to prevent Posits that the majority of the crimes girls and women from engaging in deviance committed in society are made by men. and crime. Socialization processes within the family Waves of Feminism control girls more than boys, teaching boys to First Wave – grants women the right to vote  be risk-takers while teaching girls to avoid Mesomorph / Somatotonic – Hard, muscular risks. body, overly mature appearance, rectangular-shaped, thick skin, upright posture; associated personalities: 4. Classifications, Hereditary, Mental adventurous, desire for power and Deficiencies of Criminals and the dominance, courageous, assertive, bold, love for risk and chances, competitive. Different Types of Crimes XYY Syndrome / “Supermale” 4.1 Characteristics of Criminal May be taller than average Unusual size or head shape Experience severe acne during adolescence Strange eyes May have an increased risk of learning Facial asymmetry disabilities Extended jawline and jawbone No increase in severe mental illness Too big or too small ears Not too aggressive Full lips leaned forward First phases of school is challenging Abnormal teeth Has normal range of IQ Wrinkled skin Can go on to lead full, normal, and healthy Nose curled up lives. Thieves have a flat nose and murderers Have a break nose 4.4 Definition and Types of Crimes Too long, too small, or flat chin, dark skin Too long arm This is a violation of the law. Types of Crimes 4.2 Traits of Born Criminal Personal Crimes / Crimes Against Persons Hypersensitivity to pain and touch – Perpetrated against an individual (ex. Use of unique criminal slang Kidnapping, rape, homicide, etc.) Grotesque expression of thoughts Property Crimes / Crimes Against Property Tattoos – involve stealing a property without causing Unemployment bodily harm like robbery, burglary, auto theft, and arson. 4.3 Somatology / Somatotypes (William Hate Crimes – invoking prejudices of gender, Sheldon) race, religion, etc.; usually motivated by prejudice or bias “A body type could be linked with the personality of Victimless Crimes or Crime Against that person.” Morality – crimes committed with no victim or Ectomorph / Cerebrotonic – Flat-chested, complainants (ex. Illegal gambling, tall, thin, lightly muscled, small shoulders, fast prostitution, illegal drugs, etc.) metabolism; associated personalities: quiet, White-collar Crime – committed by people in fragile, restrained, non-assertive, sensitive. high status who are involved in crimes like Endomorph / Viscerotonic – Softbody, their work underdeveloped muscles, round-shaped, Blue-collar Crime – crimes committed by over-developed digestive system; associated people who are from a lower social class personalities: love for food, tolerant, love of comfort, sociable, good humored, relaxed, and need for affection.  Organized Crime – crimes committed by Dependent Personality Disorder – strong groups involved in the sale and distribution of need to be taken care of by other people. illegal goods and services Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder – preoccupied with the sense of orderliness, regulations, and rules 5. Different Types of Disorders 5.2 Eating Disorders 5.1 Personality Disorders Anorexia Nervosa – see themselves as Mental Health condition where people have a overweight, even if they are extremely lifelong pattern of seeing themselves and underweight reacting to others in ways that cause Bulimia Nervosa – the person cannot control problems; or stop how much they are eating. After that, Clinically significant disturbance in an they would consciously push to purge or vomit individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, the calories they consumed. and behavior. Binge Eating Disorder – eat unusually large amounts of food in short periods and they feel Cluster A: Odd and Eccentric the loss of control during the binge period. Paranoid Personality Disorder – Pervasive Pica – intaking or craving for things that are distrust and suspiciousness of other people. not considered food like first, soil, ice, chalk, Schizoid Personality Disorder – pervasive cloth, pebbles, paper, and others alike. pattern of social detachment and a restricted Rumination Disorder – vomiting the food that range of emotional expression. they previously chewed or swallowed, then Schizotypal Personality Disorder – re-chews it, and then either swallow it again or pervasive pattern of interpersonal and social spit it out. limitations. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) – feeding disorder of infancy and Cluster B: Dramatic and Unpredictable early childhood; dislike for food because of Antisocial Personality Disorder – often specific texture, smell, taste, color, and manifests as hostility and aggression temperature. Borderline Personality Disorder – experience intense and unstable emotions 5.3 Psychological Disorders and moods shift quickly Have both biological (nature) as well as Histrionic Personality Disorder – pattern of environmental (nurture) influences. These causal excessive emotionality and attention-seeking. influences are reflected in the biopsychosocial model Narcissistic Personality Disorder – has of illness (Engel, 1977). problems in a person’s self-worth; a powerful sense of entitlement. 5.4 Somatoform Disorders Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful A form of mental illness that causes one or more bodily symptoms, including pain. Other symptoms Avoidant Personality Disorder – pervasive include: pattern of social inhibition, feelings of Pain inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative Neurologic problems evaluation manifests as hostility and Gastrointestinal complaints aggression Sexual symptoms Types of Somatoform Disorders ○ Bipolar I – experience one or more Somatization Disorder – Also known as episodes of mania; depressive somatic symptom disorder (SSD); this is when episodes usually last at least two a person repeatedly experiences physical weeks; last at least seven days or be symptoms even if there is no present physical so severe that you need condition to cause the symptoms. hospitalization. Conversion Disorder – Functional ○ Bipolar II – experience depressive Neurological Symptom Disorder (FND); the episodes and hypomanic episodes; physical symptoms seem to imitate the they never experience a full manic symptoms of a neurological disorder even if episode. there is no present neurological disorder (ex. ○ Cyclothymic – experience hypomania hearing or vision loss, seizures, paralysis) and mild depression for at least two Pain Disorder – A recurring pain in one or weeks. more body parts of the body without a known Dissociative Disorder – involves cause; psychological factors of the pain are experiencing a disconnection and lack of significant to the magnitude, onset, and continuity between thoughts, memories, duration of the pain. surroundings, actions, and identity. This is Hypochondriasis – a person believes he has usually nurtured in response to trauma. a severe illness because of ordinary bodily ○ Dissociative Amnesia / Psychogenic signs or symptoms even when medical Amnesia – You can’t recall information. assessments prove otherwise (usually real or ○ Dissociative Fugue – They don’t imagined.) realize they are experiencing memory loss and they may invent a new identity. 5.4 Mood Disorders ○ Depersonalization Disorder – may feel A mental health disorder that affects a person’s state like you’re living in a dream of emotion. The person with this disorder experiences ○ Dissociative Identity Disorder – long periods of extreme happiness, extreme sadness, previously known as multiple or both. personality disorder; it is the switching Mood Swing Disorder – not a recognized to alternate identities. term or diagnosis within the field of psychiatry, but it is the sudden intense shift in an 5.5 Sexual Disorders individual’s emotional state in a very short amount of time. It is a condition in which a person’s sexual Depressive Disorder – Commonly known as gratification or arousal depends on not typical or depression, it involves a loss of pleasure or extreme sexual behaviors. interest in activities for long periods of time. Fetishism – sexual attraction to a nonliving Depression may last most of the day, nearly thing. (Partialism and Transvestic Fetishism) every day, for at least two weeks. Voyeurism – observing sexual activity or Recurrent Depressive Disorder – Recurrent nudity or other people who are unaware that (at least 2) depressive episodes (unipolar they are being watched. depression). Exhibitionism – exposure of genitals to Bipolar Disorder – previously known as strangers. manic depression, it is characterized by Sexual Masochism – seeking sexual periods of depression and periods of gratification by applying pain to one’s body. abnormally elevated mood that each last from Sexual Sadism – pleasing by seeing the days to weeks. sexual partner in pain  Sadomasochist – finds satisfaction in ecological systems, cultures, and institutions inflicting or receiving pain (Lee-Mendoza, 2022) Pedophilia – uncontrollable sexual urge to Encompasses the immediate physical minor and immature children surroundings, social relationships, and cultural Bestiality – finds satisfaction in having sexual contexts within which defined groups of intercourse with animals people function and interact. Frotteurism – Finds satisfaction in rubbing into people. Components of Social Environment: Physical Environment – Physical setting 6. Additional Knowledge and where people live and interact, including Information re: Social Deviance housing, community facilities, and natural surroundings. Social Structures and Institutions – 6.1 Punishment Approaches Organizations and systems such as family, Retribution – revenge for crime or equal education, economy, and politics that punishment for equal crime. influence individuals’ behaviors and Deterrence – threat of harsh penalties opportunities. Incapacitation – protect society from criminals Cultural and Normative Aspects – Shared by imprisoning or executing them beliefs, values, norms, and practices shape Rehabilitation – reform criminals as part of social interactions and expectations. their penalty; this is considered the most lenient. Person-in-Environment – A perspective that is based on the notion that an individual and his/her 6.2 Other Terminologies behavior cannot be understood adequately without the consideration of the various aspects of the Social Junk – known as problem population, individual’s environment, such as social, political, where they are passive, withdrawn, and familial, temporal, spiritual, economic, and physical deranged sectors. They are relatively (Kondrat, 2011). harmless to society. Social Dynamite – known as a problem population, which involves active groups who are engaged in illegal or legal attacks on the 3. Levels of Social Work capitalist relations of production. They are believed to pose a serious threat to the social Assessment and Intervention order and warrant more intense legal control Micro Social Work Practice – The worker engages with individuals or families to solve problems. Examples of clientele are family, peers, etc. ○ Individual and Family Dynamics C. Social Environment Mezzo Social Work Practice – The worker deals with small to medium-sized groups, such as neighborhoods, schools, or other 1. Understanding Social local organizations, institutional, or cultural Environment change. ○ Community and Neighborhood Social Environment – A network of overlapping Interactions social systems and social situations, including  Macro Social Work Practice – This is a Emphasizes the importance of understanding practice by intervening in a much larger individuals in the context of their environment. system. Among the practices are lobbying for Multicausality – Multiple causes leading to a laws, advocacy work on a larger scale, or single effect. social policy change; this empowers clients by involving them in systemic change. Levels of Ecological Systems in Ecological ○ Societal and Policy Influences Systems Theory: Microsystem – systems that have direct 4. Key Concepts, Theories, Tools contact with the individual and their immediate environment. and Perspectives Mesosystem – It is the interaction between different microsystems in someone’s life. 4.1 General Systems Theory Exosystem – It incorporates other formal and Emphasizes system structure than its informal structures that do not directly but still functions. This theory tends to view any influence someone’s development. system as the result of a dynamic Macrosystem – Refers to already established interrelationship between its component parts society and culture in which one is developing. and its whole. Chronosystem – Relates to shifts and It is an organizational theory that looks at the transitions over a person’s lifetime. interactions between systems. It recognizes the interdependence or mutual Application in Social Work: Guides assessment influences that aim to achieve certain and intervention considering environmental influences functions among individuals who perform on clients’ behavior and well-being. specific roles. One of its examples is the 4.3 Tools and Skills for Assessing Social biopsychosocial-spiritual framework of the Environment human being. Equifinality – the belief that the use of Tools for Social Environment Analysis different theoretical orientations and Environmental Scans – observing and interventions often results in a given end analyzing the physical and social state, goal, or outcome; different paths can characteristics of a community. lead to the same outcome. Community Needs Assessments – gathering data to understand the needs and Application in Social Work: resources of a community. Social workers use this theory to analyze how SWOT Analysis – Evaluating strengths, different systems impact clients and to develop weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a interventions that address multiple levels of influence. social environment. Importance of Cultural Environment – 4.2 Ecological Systems Theory Recognizing and respecting cultural Posits that an individual's development is differences in assessment and intervention. influenced by a series of interconnected environmental systems, ranging from the immediate surroundings (e.g., family) to broad societal structures (e.g., culture). Social Work Interventions in Direct and Indirect Consanguinal Family – established family by Practices blood. Direct Practices According to Organization Case Management – Coordinating services Nuclear Family – a family unit consisting of and resources for clients. two parents and their children. Counseling – Providing therapeutic support Extended Family – a family that extends to individuals. Workers also use technological beyond the nuclear family to include other advancements to facilitate remote therapy relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, sessions. and cousins. Single-parent Family – a family headed by a Indirect Practice single parent who is responsible for raising the Community Organizing – Mobilizing children. community to resolve community problems. Blended Family – A family formed by the Advocacy and Policy Change – Influencing merging of two previously separate family policies to create systemic change. units through marriage or partnership. Childless Family – A family unit without Impact on Client Outcomes children, which can include couples or individuals living together. Positive Impacts Negative Impacts According to Descent Social Exclusion – marginalization and lack Patrilineal – Paternal line in the family of integration into society. Matrilineal – Maternal line in the family Environmental Stressors – adverse physical Bilateral – Both maternal and paternal lines in and social conditions causing stress. the family. Based on Residence 5. Families Patrilocal – a couple lives in the same or close to that of the groom’s family. 5.1 Functions and Definitions Matrilocal – a couple lives in the same or Considered the basic social institution and close to that of the bride’s family. primary group in society. They are relatives Bilocal – The couple have the option to live united by bonds of love and affection and who either with or close to the bride’s or groom’s share common social activities. parents. Neolocal – Families that decide to live Relevance to Social Work: Understanding the independently and far from their parents. different family structures helps social workers tailor Avunculocal – The couple lives with or near their interventions to meet the unique needs of each the residence of the maternal uncle of the family type. groom as custom required. 5.2 Types and Structures 5.3 Dynamics and Patterns Family dynamics – Refer to the patterns of According to the Type of Relationship interactions and relationships among family Conjugal Family – established family through members. marriage or civil bond.  Roles – The functions and responsibilities 1.1 Component of Social Change assigned to family members (e.g., caregiver, Identity – What is changing? breadwinner) Level – Where is the change taking place? Is Communication – The ways in which family it in the individuals? institutions? society? members exchange information and express Rate – How long does the change come emotions. about? Boundaries – The rules and limits that define Duration – Once the change occurred, how relationships and interactions within the family. long will the change endure? Power and Hierarchy – The distribution of Magnitude – How big is the change? authority and decision-making within the family. ○ Patriarchal – the decision is done by 1.2 Sources of Social Change the father/husband; often passed down Technology – Technological innovations have to male lineage. often been a moving force in social change. ○ Matriarchal – decision is done by the Ideology – Beliefs of how society works; role oldest woman in the family; in this of ideology can be analyzed in different ways. case, the wife or mother. It can promote stability and support of the ○ Egalitarian – decision-making is done status quo, or it can contribute to change. equally by husband and wife ○ Example: Argument re: Divorce in the Cohesion and Adaptability – the ability of Philippines family members to support each other and Competition – Arises from the scarcity of adapt to changes. goods, statuses, and services that are universally desired. In this struggle, Impact on Clients: Family dynamics can significantly competition is usually restrained by tradition, influence clients’ mental health, behavior, and overall customs, or law. well-being. Conflict – Parties in a conflict believe they have incompatible goals, and often it involves Application in Social Work: Workers assess family attempts by adversaries to threaten, injure, or dynamics to identify strengths and challenges and to otherwise coerce each other. develop effective intervention strategies. Polity – a form or process of civic government or institutions; politics is basically a factor that affects/decides who gets what, when, and how. ○ Ex.: Policy-making in favor of the D. Social Change and minority; or the cronies benefits one’s position. Development in Social Work Economy – It plays a major role in social change; Marx pointed to the mode of 1. Social Change production and stated that it determines the general character of the social, political, and Social Change – refers to the alterations that occur spiritual processes in society. in the social structure or pattern of action and Globalization – It is the international interaction in societies. integration of markets for goods, services, and Conceptualizes as the process of planned or capital. More and more of the world has been unplanned change. drawn into a network of economic and social  relationships that transcend conventional population as a whole within the context of a dynamic political, economic, and cultural barriers. multifaceted development process. Structural Strain – As more components Focus of Social Development: the well-being become incompatible, equilibrium of the social of the people. system is upset, and this may result in social Economic Development – refers to programs, change. projects, and other activities undertaken to improve ○ Anomie – normlessness the economic diversity, growth, well-being, and quality of life of a community. 2. Development and Social Economic Growth – Increase in the production of Development economic goods and services in one period of time compared with a previous period. Development – A process of economic, social, and political change that produces improvements in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – total monetary or standards of living, social well-being, and political market value of all the finished goods and services participants. produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. Development as Freedom (Amartya Sen) – the Ex.: services provided within the borders of concept of development as the process of expanding the Philippines. the substantial freedoms that an individual enjoys. Freedom and development is both a means Gross National Product (GNP) – The broad and end. measure of a nation’s total economic activity. The value of all finished goods and services produced in a 2.1 Five Instrumental Freedom country in a year by its nationals. Political Freedom – ability to freely Ex.: services provided by a Filipino in any participate in political processes, has the country. ability to participate in decision-making, and involve in the freedom of speech, and the Gross National Income/Product (GNI) – The total press. domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a Economic Facilities – People should have country. access to resources necessary for economic Ex.: Everything spent/brought back in the transactions. (ex. ability to be involved in trade Philippines by any nationals. and production, employment opportunities, etc.) Social Opportunities – Individuals have access to education, health care, and other social services. Transparency Guarantee – Those who are in the government should have transparency as it is our right as individuals. Protective Security – Access to security during adverse situations such as social security and social safety nets. In a family of 5 members. Social Development – process of planned social Participatory Development – process through which change designed to promote the well-being of the stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, and over decision and meeting present needs without compromising the resources. availability of resources in the future. Sustainable Development (Our Common Future, 1897) – Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future 4. Social Change and Development generations. Theories 4.1 Structural-Functionalist Theory See society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. There are two functions in this theory: ○ Manifest Function - planned or expected consequences or goal in a social structure. ○ Latent Function – the unanticipated function; it is not publicly acknowledged or intended by the There are 17 SDGs, 169 Targets, and 232 Indicators participants. 3. Sustainability 4.2 Rostow’s Modernization Theory Depicts how countries move from an 3.1 Three Pillars of Sustainability underdeveloped society to one that is more developed or modern. Social Sustainability It goes through 5 Stages of Economic Growth Involves a focus on the well-being of people to Modernization and communities Promoting equity, human rights, access to education, health care, and decent work. 5 Stages of Economic Growth (Rostow Model): Aims to create inclusive societies, reduce Traditional Society – without scientific or inequality, and ensure long-term well-being for technological insight; but only reliant on all people while preserving social cohesion subsistence activities; lives very simple. and justice Preconditions for Take-off / Transitional – Society starts to industrialize; population starts Economic Sustainability – approach whereby increasing, along with the manifestation of economic activities are conducted in such a way as to businesspeople and entrepreneurs; preserve and promote long-term economic agricultural growth; sees development as a well-being. necessity. Education is also needed and Aims to create balance between economic in-demand for progress. growth, resource efficiency, social equity and Take-off – Economic growth becomes the financial stability. normal condition/situation; it is characterized by brief and intense expansion and Environmental Sustainability – the ability to industrialization. preserve and protect the natural environment over Drive to Maturity – Application of technology time through appropriate practices and policies, to all sectors of the economy. It takes 60 years  to go through this stage. They are able to go 4.4 Dialectical and Historical Materialism beyond what they can achieve. To understand materialism, there are two kinds of Age of High Mass Consumption – They reality: intend to reach out for partnerships with other Objective Reality (tangible) – Reality exists countries; people are no longer consuming independently in human thoughts; it is the what is necessary, but they have means to physical world and the laws that govern it. buy luxury items and life. They are concrete and evident. Subjective Reality (non-tangible) – Based 4.3 Dependency Theory on personal experiences such as thoughts, It contends that resources flow from a periphery of ideas, concepts, and beliefs, etc. poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the Idealism – Premises that reality is fundamentally former. It is a central contention of dependency theory immaterial. Ideas shaped the material world. that poor states are impoverished and rich states are Ex.: Man’s ideas allowed them to enriched, by the way poor states are integrated into create/produce materials. the world system. Materialism – Premises that everything in the Basic Premises of Dependency Theory material world shaped one’s ideas and thoughts. Ex.: Observing physical laws creates ideas to Poor nations provide the natural resources man’s thoughts. and cheap labor. Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of Dialectical Materialism (Engel) – historical and dependence by various means. political events are products of the conflict of social Wealthy nations actively counter all attempts forces, which can be seen as a series of made by dependent nations to resist their contradictions and their resolution. This conflict is influences by means of economic sanctions, seen as caused by material needs. and possibly by the use of military force. Ex.: May poor and may king, because of their power struggle, they started trading and gained power to fight for their rights. Historical Materialism (Marx) – This is an extension of the principles of dialectical materialism to the study of social life and an application of the concepts of dialectical materialism to the phenomena of societal life and events to the study of society and its history. 4.5 Neoliberalism Elimination of Dependency (Warren): Political and economic philosophy that Imperialism has led to the creation of a emphasizes free trade, deregulation, system characterized by inequality and globalization, and a reduction in government exploitation, but at the same time this spending. imperialism has created the conditions for the In theory, it is essentially making trade spreading of capitalism to the Third World. between nations easier. It is about freer Summary: Imperialism is a two-edged sword; movement of goods, resources, and it brought improvement and exploitation to third-world countries.  enterprises in a bid to always find cheaper We best serve clients by collaborating with resources, to maximize profits and efficiency. them. In summary: it is to break down borders. Every environment is full of resources. Tenets of Neoliberalism Free Markets – Markets should be left to 4.8 Empowerment Perspective operate without government intervention. This intervention method helps guide people Privatization – Public services and assets toward building autonomy and control in their should be sold to private entities, to give lives. This roots from the disempowerment control to private entities and take away caused by oppression, which is experienced government control. across a number of marginalized groups. Deregulation – Regulations should be It seeks to empower individuals and reduced or eliminated to increase market communities to gain personal, interpersonal, efficiency. and political power to better their lives. This Fiscal Conservatism – Government work also strives to challenge systems that spending and debt should be minimized. hinder these groups from meeting their needs. Individualism – Individuals should take In Summary: Give the client system back responsibility for their own success or failure. their lives. 4.6 Big Push Theory 4.9 Spirituality and Faith Perspective A big and comprehensive investment package Emphasizes the importance of spirituality in people’s can be helpful to bring economic lives as well as the potential influence that spirituality development. A certain minimum amount of may have in improving their well-being. This resources must be devoted for developmental perspective is important as it allows for a holistic programs, if the success of programs is approach to working with individuals. required. 4.10 Ethno-cultural Perspective Ethnicity – self-conscious collectivities of 4.7 Strength-based Perspective people who, on the basis of a common heritage or subculture, maintain a distinct Centers the helping process on the assets identity among themselves and in relation to and strengths of individuals, groups, and other groups in environments rather than their faults and pathologies. Principles of strength-based perspective Every individual, group, family, and community has strengths. Trauma and abuse, illnesses, and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity. Assume that you do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual, group, and community aspirations seriously. 4.11 Feminist Perspective ○ Economic – unlivable minimum wage, job loss, poverty, business Women in Development (WID) – There is an interruptions, inflation, etc. issue with the absence and exclusion of women from development programs and approaches. Thus, this approach supported 5. Approaches to Development the integration of women in development. Basically, women should be part of 5.1 Human Development Approach development efforts. Women and Development (WAD) – viewed Expanding the richness of human life, rather both women and men as being disadvantaged than simply the richness of the economy in by the global economic structures. Thus, WAD which people live. Focused on people and asserted that the integration of women into their opportunities and choices. development was to their disadvantage and HDI of the Philippines – In 2021, we ranked only worsened their chances of equality. 116 out of 193 countries. As of March 2024, Gender and Development (GAD) – It is we are now in 113. designed to challenge gender assigned roles, responsibilities, and expectations between 5.2 Basic Needs Approach men and women, which usually put women in It attempts to define the absolute minimum disadvantaged situations. resources necessary for long-term physical well-being in terms of consumption of goods. 4.12 People-centered Development The poverty line is then defined as the amount Emphasizes enhancing local communities’ of income required to satisfy those needs. sense of self-sufficiency, social justice, and democratic participation. 5.3 Inclusive Growth It acknowledges that human progress is not Economic growth is important but not inevitably aided by economic growth and sufficient to generate sustained improvements demands for modifications to social, political, in welfare, unless the dividends of growth are and environmental beliefs and practices. shared fairly among individuals and social People should be put in the center and be groups. drivers of development. Economic growth should not be the only focus of welfare, but also education and health care. 4.13 Vulnerable Life Situation Perspective Victims of both ethnic exclusion and all forms 5.4. Rights-based Approach of oppression become vulnerable to Based on international human rights disempowering life situations. standards and operationally directed in Vulnerability – intrinsic and dynamic feature promoting and protecting human rights. of an element at risk… Analyze inequalities which lie at the heart of ○ Physical – diseases, natural development problems and redress calamities/disasters, displacement, discriminatory practices and unjust pathologies, etc. distributions of power that impede ○ Social – solo parenting, social development progress and often result in structures and statuses, accessibility people being left behind. to social services ○ Environment – armed conflicts, affect in biodiversity and ecosystem Characteristics of Rights-based Approach: Revolutionary Social Movements – 1. Universality and Inalienability – All people Changing all aspects of society. are endowed with human rights, and that it ○ Ex.: Civil Rights Movement cannot be separated from them. 2. Indivisibility – It is inherent to all persons. It has equal status and thus, cannot be positioned in a hierarchical status. 3. Interdependence and Interrelatedness – Fulfillment of one right is upon or dependent on the fulfillment of other rights. 4. Equality and Non-discrimination – All persons are endowed with human rights, regardless of their age, sex, gender, race, belief, political stances, etc. 5. Participation and Inclusion – All persons must have the right to access information and participate in decision-making that affects their 6.2 Stages of Social Movements human rights and well-being. 6. Accountability and Rule of Law – Dutybearers are accountable to ensure that human rights are given properly to each individual. Laws and policies should not be violating the human rights of their constituents. 6. Social Movements Social Movement – defined as an organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social, political, economic and cultural change. Emergence – Awareness that there is a problem in society. Coalesce – Those who are aware tend to 6.1 Types of Social Movements mobilize and leaders manifest; they tend to Alternative Social Movements – change also organize who are the leaders in order to specific individuals and the change is limited raise the awareness. to the group. Bureaucratization – A stage in which the ○ Ex.: Rehabilitation for alcoholics movement no longer requires volunteerism. Redemptive/Religious Movements – They began hiring experts to administer the focused on the segment of society in order to organization. change specific individuals, however they ○ Success – organization reach their change the majority of the aspects one have. goals ○ Ex.: religious conversion ○ Failure – organization did not reach Reformative Social Movements – It seeks to their goals change a specific issue in the society, and ○ Co-optation – organization merge targets an entire population. with other institutions ○ Ex.: Solid waste management issue ○ Repression – violent actions made to the organization by other institutions  ○ Mainstreaming - organization becomes part of the government (legitimization) Decline 6.3 Theories of Social Movements Deprivation Theory Social movements happen due to people being deprived of specific goods, services, or resources. Two Branches of Deprivation: Relative Deprivation – They look at another group and nakita nila na wala sila non. Preferential or preference Absolute Deprivation – They are deprived of things that they should be getting Resource Mobilization Theory Invokes the importance of the availability of suitable resources in the birth of social movement When people have grievances, they mobilize their needs to alleviate those grievances. Structural Strain Theory (Smelser, 1965): For social movements to exists and be sustained, the following must be present: People in society experience some type of problem/deprivation; Recognition by people of that society that this problem exist; Ideology purporting to be a solution for the problem develops and spreads its influence; Some event or events that transpire must convert this nascent movement into a bona fide social movement; A society must be open to change for the movement to be effective (if not, then the movement might die out); and Mobilization of resources must take place as the movement develops further.