PRELIM LECTURE NOTES - Summary 2-a.docx

**GEC 103 Science, Technology and Society** **1st Semester AY 2024 -- 2025** **PRELIM LECTURE NOTES 2-a** **INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY** **Life Performance Outcomes:** At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1. Discuss the paradigm shifts in history 2. Expla...

**GEC 103 Science, Technology and Society** **1st Semester AY 2024 -- 2025** **PRELIM LECTURE NOTES 2-a** **INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY** **Life Performance Outcomes:** At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: 1. Discuss the paradigm shifts in history 2. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way humans see the world - **Revolution** - fundamental change - **Intellectualism** started when human knowledge begun to be disseminated (papyrus, writing on the walls, **printing press**) -- published materials, books, journals and the media= Information Age - **Intellectual Revolution** aka **Scientific Revolution** (Thomas Kuhn 1962) **PARADIGM** - A typical example or pattern of something; a model **PARADIGM SHIFT** - A major change in the worldview or concepts of how something works or is accomplished **INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS**: 1. FREUDIAN - Sigmund Freud 2. COPERNICAN - Nicolaus Copernicus 3. DARWINIAN - Charles Darwin **FREUDIAN REVOLUTION** - Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. In his theory, **SIGMUND FREUD** explained that there are many consciuous and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. - He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting factors: **ID, EGO** and **SUPEREGO**. **COPERNICAN REVOLUTION** - A famous astronomer and philosopher, **Claudius Ptolemy**, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the earth. He believed that the earth is at the center -- a concept known as **GEOCENTRISM**. Ptolemy's Geocentric Model was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time. - In the 16th century, **Nicolaus Copernicus**, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged the Geocentric Model. He introduced the new concept, known as **HELIOCENTRISM**, which suggested that the center of the solar system was not the earth but actually the sun. - His scientific ideas were an example of THOUGHT EXPERIMENT -- doing nothing extensive- observing and inviting people to validate his ideas - Influenced by the book EPITOME, published by German Johannes Mueller ( 1496), containing observations of the heavens and some commentary on earlier works especially that of Ptolemy - His book ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY SPHERES ( 1543 ) is often cited as the [start of the scientific revolution.] The Roman Catholic Church prohibited and ignored the publication of the Copernican model for the rest of the 16th century. **DARWINIAN REVOLUTION** - was considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time. - In his book, **On The Origin of Species** (1859), Darwin introduced the Theory of Evolution, which postulated that populations pass through a process of natural selection of which only the fittest will survive. His data were collected during a 5-year expidition aboard HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos. - He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to the environment and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as **EVOLUTION.** **Nona Cecilia Vengano-Fornier, MEd** **August 2024**