Intellectual Revolutions That Changed Worldviews PDF

Intellectual Revolutions that ChangedWorldview A presentation on the different revolutions that have shaped us Scientific Revolution  Scientific Revolution The drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. New view of nature emerged, replacing t...

Intellectual Revolutions that ChangedWorldview A presentation on the different revolutions that have shaped us Scientific Revolution  Scientific Revolution The drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. New view of nature emerged, replacing the Greek ideas and views that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years. Science became an autonomous discipline, distinct from both philosophy and technology, and it came to be regarded as having utilitarian goals 3 Copernican Revolution 4  Pre-Copernican System (Geocentric System) Origins of thinking traced from Greek Philosopher Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-546 B.C.) Pythagoras (c. 570-495 B.C.) suggested the earth was a sphere Plato (c. 428-348 B.C.) explained that the cosmos were made of geometric shapes circling around the earth Anaximander’s model of the Solar Stystem Taken from: http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/A/Anaximander 5  Pre-Copernican System (Geocentric System) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) supposed the Earth was the center of the universe with all other celestial bodies in concentric crystalline spheres around it. Popularized by Ptolemy in 140 AD refining the explanation behind the movement of the planets and it was accepted that the Earth was unmoving while the Sun, planets, and stars revolved around it. Aristotle’s Model of the Solar System Taken from: http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/A/Anaximander 6  Copernican System (Heliocentric System) Model devised by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Considered as the “Father of Modern Astronomy” The sun is the center of the known universe while the Earth’s rotation caused the rising and setting of the Sun and of the Seasons His work was rejected outright since it was against Aristotelian Physics and there was no math to describe Copernicus’s Model of the Universe his model. Taken from: https://www.universetoday.com/33113/heliocentric-model/ 7  Copernican System (Validation) His theories were later validated through the work of: Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) who combined Copernican and Ptolemaic Systems Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) proposing his law of planetary motions in 1609 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) who published a book reinforcing that the Earth revolved around the sun based on his observations Tychonic Model of the Universe Taken from: http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/a4507633.gif 8  Copernican System (Validation) His theories were later validated through the work of: Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726) who provided the first mathematical equations to prove Copernicus’s notions Tychonic Model of the Universe Taken from: http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/a4507633.gif 9  Key Figures of the Scientific Revolution Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Spread Copernicus’s Theory of a Used for the Scientific Method heliocentric and Scientific Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Universe Father of Modern Chemistry Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Rene Descartes (1632-1723) Practiced deductive reasoning The “Father of microbiology” and the scientific method in who discovered bacteria solving problems 10 Darwinian Revolution 11  Pre-Darwinian Belief Evolution in Biology is the slow change in the characteristics of a species over time It has always been controversial since it always conflicted with religious beliefs Erasmus Darwin (Late 18th Century) quietly brought the idea of evolution to England and France Zoonomia or the Laws of Organic Life (1794-1796) Taken from: https://archive.org/details/zoonomiaorlawsof1794darw/page/n4 12  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin entered Edinburgh University at the age of 16 to study medicine He discovered his inclination to the natural sciences and worked with the following: Robert Edmond Grant (anatomist and zoologist ) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (Biologist) 13  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Exploration Charles Darwin was influenced by prominent individuals: Adam Sedgwick John Stevens Henslow He came to work with these people: Sedgwick for geological research and mapping the strata of Wales Henslow in Tierra del Fuego to survey the world Collected and study various An image of Tiera del Fuego (1831) as seen aboard HMS beagle specimens in different principles Taken from: https://www.coolgalapagos.com/Darwin_voyage_beagle/darwin_b through close observation and eagle_chapter_10.php research 14  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Exploration 1836 - He wrote his findings in the Journal of Researches Later published in Fitzroy’s narrative Zoology of the Voyage of the HMS Beagle, the captain of their voyage to Tierra del Fuego His travels urged him to establish on origin of living things radically different than the naturalists 1839 – He published his account of Cover page of the Zoology of the HMS beagle Taken from: https://archive.org/details/zoologyofvoyageo04darw/page/n6 the voyage (The Voyager of the Beagle) 15  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Observations In his travels, Charles Darwin noticed similarities of different species in different parts of the world from a common ancestor He posited species survived through “natural selection” Process where species adapt to changing environment, and die out if the species can’t 1859 – He presented and published his theory in “On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” Charles Darwin’s Finches Taken from: https://www.thoughtco.com/charles-darwins-finches- 1224472 16 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution: Exploration Charles Darwin is later dubbed as the “Father of Evolution” His findings were scrutinized and checked by: Anatomist Richard Owen Darwin’s Uruguay Skull came from South American Capybara Ornithologist John Gould Bird specimens Darwin brought from Galapagos were Ground Finches Galapagos mockingbirds were from 3 Cover page of the Zoology of the HMS beagle species unique to each island Taken from: https://archive.org/details/zoologyofvoyageo04darw/page/n6 17  Evolutionary Science and Philosophy Can be considered to have Led to the development of different completed the Copernican fields Revolution Evolutionary Biology – Origin of life Darwinian Revolution showed and diversification/adaptation of life nature through biology that has Neo-darwinism – Reconciles an orderly system governed by Evolution and Heredity natural laws Philosophy of Biology – relates biology to classic issues in Can show the origin of human Philosophy of Science beings 18 Freudian Revolution 19  Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud Father of Psychoanalysis Spent most of his life on expanding man’s knowledge of oneself through series of clinical researches and corresponding theories Was taught hypnosis by Joseph Breuer – a treatment for hysterical patients Taken from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud 20  Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory – Human Nature Freud's view of human nature is Deterministic. Behavior is determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological and instinctual drives from psychosexual stages during first six years of life. Human nature is an exchange of energy and transformation, best described by the term Catharsis, the release of energy. 21  Freud’s Psychoanalytic Nature – Human Nature Main Instincts: Human behavior is determined by unconscious motivations Biological and instinctive drives Eros (Survival Instincts) supporting the thought Basic instincts such as hunger, Human beings have no real ability to thirst and sexual impulses make choices and control life events Drives or instincts are recurring Thanatos (Aggressive and Self) concepts in Freud’s Theory Destructive instincts driven towards death 22  Freud’s Psychoanalytic Nature – Structures of Personality ID Ego Unconscious aspect of Responsible for dealing with reality personality Referee that balances needs of ego and Contains untamed instincts and social norms impulses Performs realistic and logical thinking to Requires immediate ratification acceptably satisfy needs of all desires, wants, and needs Superego for nothing but pleasure Judicial Structure of personality Controlled by ego and superego Hold internalized moral standards and to what is socially acceptable ideals from relationships and society Forms guidelines for judgement 23  Freud’s Psychoanalytic Nature – Structures of Personality Parts Ideal Ego Ego Includes rules and standards for Responsible for dealing with reality good behavior one learned from Referee that balances needs of ego parents or authority and social norms Conscience Performs realistic and logical Leaves room for self-evaluation and thinking to acceptably satisfy needs criticism Has all information on things viewed bad/evil by parents and society 24  Freud’s Psychoanalytic Nature – Structures of Personality Superego Judicial Structure of personality Hold internalized moral standards and ideals from relationships and society Forms guidelines for judgement 25  References: Casas, J.M., Jusayan, P., Menor, A., Obanan, S., Science, Technology and Society, 1st Ed. C 2020 Vinney, C. (2019). Freud: Id, Ego, and Superego Explained. https://www.thoughtco.com/id-ego-and- superego-4582342 History. (2022). Nicolaus Copernicus. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/nicolaus-copernicus National Geographic. (2022). Charles Darwin. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/charles-darwin 26