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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 _ An Introduction political power surge, its impact was notable in the design of spaces. A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE is a record of man’s efforts to build beautifully as it traces the origin...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 _ An Introduction political power surge, its impact was notable in the design of spaces. A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE is a record of man’s efforts to build beautifully as it traces the origin, growth and 7. Steppingstone for growth decline of STYLES over centuries and across various History offers an extensive background of how change has settings and cultures. been conceived. What is also important is to learn from A STYLE refers to the “creative expression in any given mistakes in the past that were duly reflected upon in the country or period.” journey of architecture. The study does not only concern in sheltering man and History not only narrates the events of the past but also ministering to his comfort, but also in providing him with guides for the future. This comprehensive subject holds places for worship, amusement, and business; with tombs, immense information from philosophical aspects, memorials, embellishments for his cities, and other technical details, groundbreaking ideologies to astounding structures for the varied needs of a complex civilization. creativity which finds its applicability beyond the classrooms in the practice. As Norman Foster says, “As an Relevance of the study of history of architecture: architect, you design for the present with an awareness of 1. Understanding of culture the past for a future which is essentially unknown.” The expression of identity through architecture has been a Influences of Architecture crucial method to understand the core values and 1. Geography principles of cultures across the world. Giving deep insights through spatial planning, materials, symbolism, and Geographical factors do a lot to influence architecture. culture has been thoroughly embedded in the architectural Geographical factors can include topographical features, styles that evolved in different parts of the world over time. such as rivers and mountains, and the natural resources of The Egyptian’s beliefs of the afterlife were manifested a region. Even the position of a place on the Earth and its through the Pyramids and temples. Whereas the Greeks light and darkness hours come into play. Geography affects celebrated Gods and their influence through their art and s in achieving the desired look and feel for a building's architecture. design. Architects use topography to create interesting designs with natural shapes rather than straight lines or 2. Association of people and spaces geometric shape. With culture, the relationship that people have established 2. Geology with spaces has narrated their faith and beliefs. Similarly, Byzantine and Romanesque architecture have based their Materials that are available in a region would likely be the religion as a medium to develop spaces that create an main source of building like bricks from clay and materials emotional experience. Moreover, Byzantine architecture for quarry like limestones, marble, granite, etc. Each signified colors to define the spaces, such as gold for architectural style is dependent on the availability of heaven, red for the divine life, and blue for the human form. materials lying around. 3. Phases of Innovation 3. Climate Architecture and innovation have moved hand in hand Structures should be designed to suit the climate of the through history. Many examples of different aspects that environment. Choice of materials, building orientation and endured innovation in ancient times have continued to appropriate roof design should be considered. Provision of inspire architecture to date. The use of extensive more openings for cross ventilation is good for tropical technological advancement and materials in modern settings. Steep sloping roofs are appropriate to ward off architecture have been a testament in understanding the snow. extent to which architecture has evolved to improve our 4. Religion spatial experiences. Religious beliefs dictate the architectural character of a 4. Typology in architecture style. The Egyptian’s belief in the afterlife produced the An evolution in architectural style also developed different pyramids in great scale. The Greek’s love of sports and typologies to address the needs of society. Building performances built beautiful temples dedicated to their typologies emerged at different scales which have gods. contributed to developing the urban landscape worldwide. 5. History and Social Set-up Many architectural elements also became prominent traits associated with the typologies of the architectural style. The historical and social aspect of a country affects an Domes, vaults, arches, buttresses are some of the few. architectural style. The change of leadership and rule create different styles. Structures built by different leaders reflect 5. Expansion of architectural vocabulary the kind of regime and power of a certain era. Just like unique elements are identified with an Nebuchadnezzar’s Great Palace, Cyrus the Great’s architectural style, a set of vocabulary accompanied. With Persepolis, Pericles’s Acropolis and the Roman Forum were history, we have learned these elements and achievements of the great leaders. comprehended the ideology behind them, widely growing Construction Principles our technical knowledge as well. Post and Lintel (Trabeated) Arch and Vault 6. Architecture as response The history of architecture portrays itself with social, economic, political history. It is important to note that architecture also reflected as a response to the prevailing scenarios in society. Whether it was a natural calamity or a  Cantilever Truss Types of Megalith: a. Dolmen/Cromlech is a two or more upright stones supporting a slab or capstone. They served as tomb landmarks. PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE A HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE is a record of man’s efforts to build beautifully as it traces the origin, growth and decline of styles over centuries and across various settings b. Stone Circle are upright stones in a circular and cultures. arrangement. They were used for burials and social rituals. It is concerned with: sheltering man and ministering to his comfort providing structures for man’s varied needs (worship, amusement, business, tombs, etc.) Architecture had a simple origin in the primitive endeavors c. Stone Row consists of upright stones in a linear of mankind. It is an ancient and necessary art and thus the arrangement perhaps marking a processional route beginnings of architecture are part of prehistory. and usually associated with stone circles. Why did man seek shelter? 1. Protection from elements of nature from wild animals 2. Comfort to sleep and rest 3. Food storage d. Stone Alignment upright stones aligned in many rows 4. Perpetuation of human life thought to be religious or scientific in meaning. Three Cultural Stages in the Evolution of Man: 1. Stone Age a. Paleolithic stones and bones as tools hunting and food gathering nomadic, lived in caves and rock shelters 2. Monolith or Menhir b. Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age is a single, great upright stone. It varies in function from fashioned stone tools like the bow astronomical, a land mark or a memorial. made canoe for fishing nomadic and sedentary built huts from bones, animal hides, reeds and grass c. Neolithic polished stone tools for grinding, cutting and chopping agriculture and domesticated animals built huts of stones and mud practiced burial rituals and built tombs 2. Bronze Age 3. Barrow / Tumulus is an earthen mound burial. metalworking with bronze houses of wood and stones with conical thatched roofs in a farm developed the writing system like the cuneiform and hieroglyphics 3. Iron Age weapons were iron and steel houses of mud, stone and wood with thatched roofs communities lived in hill forts with religious Examples of Religious and Funerary Structures: beliefs, traditions and culture Lanyon Quoit, England is a megalithic burial dolmen. Prehistoric Religious and Funerary Structures: The Stonehenge, England (2750-1500 BCE) 1. Megalith The site and its surroundings are a UNESCO World is a large stone, sometimes forming part of a group. Heritage,1986. It is one of the most famous sites in the world and used as a burial and ceremonial site.  where domestic activities took place. The dead were buried beneath these houses. Gobeklitepe, Turkey (9,600 - 8,200 BCE) It is an UNESCO World Heritage Site, 1998. It is believed to be the oldest place of worship / Prehistoric Pile Settlements around the Alps (5000 to 500 sanctuary. It is older than Stonehenge by 7,000 B.C.) years. It is a UNESCO World Heritage, 2018. is an UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2011. These water settlements were raised above water Mnajdra Temple, Malta (3500 – 2500 BC) by stilts. It is neolithic megalith temple, ceremonial and Prehistoric Dwellings : astronomical observatory. It is a UNESCO World Heritage, 1992. 1. Rock Shelter is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. Merrivale Stone Row, England (2500-1000 BC) It is a prehistoric bronze age ritual site. Rudston Monolith, Yorkshire, England The 25’ stone likely marked a prehistoric holy place or worship center. Stenness Stones, Orkney, Scotland is a UNESCO World Heritage, 1999. Calanais Standing Stones, Scotland (2900 and 2600 BC) It is a Neolithic ritual site believed to be 5,000 years 2. Cave is a cavern or a natural void in the ground. old and predates Stonehenge by 2,000 years. It may have been an astronomical observatory or a celestial calendar. Carnac Stone Alignment, France (3,300 BC) Neolithic site with more than 3,000 prehistoric standing granite stones and form the largest such collection in the world. Dilmun Burial Mounds, Bahrain (2200 -1750 BCE) It is the largest prehistoric burial mounds in the 3. Cliff Dwelling is formed by carving niches in cliffs. world, an UNESCO World Heritage, 2019. Knowth Mounds, Ireland It is a Neolithic burial consisting of 1 big mound and 17 smaller mounds. It is an UNESCO World Heritage, 1993 Examples of Prehistoric Settlements: Stone Tower of Jericho, Palestine (8500-7000 B.C.E.) It is the oldest skyscraper. It forms part of the earliest Neolithic settlement of Jericho, the oldest 4. Hut is a temporary shelter of simple construction. city on earth. Materials can be of tree barks and branches, The Tower was linked to the summer solstice—and animal hides, plant materials (thatch, straw), may have been a symbolic shield against darkness. stones, bones, mud or ice. Catalhoyuk, Turkiye (7500 BC-5700 BC) It is a Neolithic settlement, had rectangular, single- roomed huts with mud-plastered walls and floors. Houses were built touching against each other. They did not have doors and houses were entered through holes on rooftops. Presumably having entrances on the roofs were safer than having them 5. Tent is a shelter consisting of sheets of animal on the walls. hides or other material draped over or attached to Skara Brae Neolithic Village, Scotland (3180 BC - 2500 a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope. It BC) was used as shelter for the nomadic tribes and used as temporary shelters during seasonal Residents used earth sheltering as insulation from movements. winter, an UNESCO World Heritage Site, 1999. Choirokoitia Neolithic Settlement, Cyprus, (7th-4th millennium BC) The settlement had mud bricks and stone huts and were huddled close together around a courtyard EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Hathor - the goddess of music and love, is shown to the right of Menkaure, holding his hand. General Influences The 17th deified nome of Upper Egypt. 1. Geographical Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of eastern North The outstanding feature of the religion of the Egyptians was Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile their strong belief in the afterlife. River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Mummification was reserved for the richest and most “Nile, life of Egypt” powerful in Egyptian society. The process was long and Irrigation turned desert lands into fruitful fields. expensive. There were three main people who took part in this process; the scribe, the cutter, and the embalmer. It Its gentle current was favorable for navigation. takes 70 days to prepare the body for burial. Trade and commerce prospered along its banks. Early Egyptian civilization had its birth along the Their belief: Nile. Important religious structures like tomb pyramids An intact body is an integral part of a person's and temples for the gods were built in strategic afterlife and assuring themselves a successful places along the banks of the Nile. rebirth into the afterlife. 2. Geological Without a physical body there is no shadow, no Mud brick was the principal building material for name, no spirit, no personality and no immortality. domestic buildings. Mummies are contained in coffins called the Stone (sandstone, limestone, granite and marble) sarcophagus. was favored for temples and tombs. The ancient Egyptians didn't use mortar, so the Tutankhamun stones were carefully cut to fit together. 3 coffins, each one within the next. 3. Climatic The outer coffin was made of gilded wood covered Due to the aridity of Egypt's climate, population centres are with gold. concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta. The middle coffin was made of wood covered with gold, semiprecious stones, glass and obsidian. Effects of Climate on Buildings: The inner coffin was made of solid gold and weighs Simple design 110 k. Few windows due to sandstorms His death mask was made of solid gold and inlaid Flat roof, no drainage, no gutters due to absence with semi- precious stones, it weighs 11 kilograms. rain Everlasting monuments for the preservation of the dead Massive walls due to heat are manifested in the: 4. Religious a) Temple of the gods The religious rites of the Egyptians were traditional and b) Tomb pyramids of the kings mysterious as manifested in tombs and temples. 5. Historical and Social Religious practices: The Kings of ancient Egypt are known as Pharaohs. a) Monotheistic in theory ‘Pharaoh' is a Greek word that is based on an Egyptian word b) Polytheistic in practice (natural phenomena, that meant 'great house'. heavenly bodies and animals). The pharaoh was the political and religious leader There was no dividing line between gods and kings. They holding the titles: were frequently associated in triads. 'Lord of the Two Lands' - ruler of Upper and Lower THEBAN TRIAD Egypt. He owned all of the land, made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against Amun - the King of the Gods invaders. Mut - consort to Amun & queen of the gods. 'High Priest of Every Temple' - the pharaoh Khons - the son of Amun and Mut; the god of the represented the gods on Earth. He performed moon and time. rituals and built temples to honor the gods. ABYDOS TRIAD The rulers would have the members of their own families be married within the family itself so that the throne would Osiris - The god of the underworld. remain with them. In spite of such occurrences, where men Isis - The mother of Horus. were marrying their own sister, daughters and Horus - The child of Isis and Osiris. granddaughters, there were loads of times when the rule MEMPHIS TRIAD changed hand, contributing to one of the most complex and interesting royal history ever. Ptah - The chief deity of Memphis & patron deity of The pharaohs have been divided into 30 dynasties. craftsmen. Sekhmet - The consort of Ptah & the giver of divine 1. Ancient Kingdom (1-10) retribution, vengeance, and conquest. Archaic Period (1-2) Nefertem - the Protector of the two lands. Old Kingdom (3-6) MENKAURE TRIAD First Intermediate Period (7-10) King Menkaure - the last Great Pyramid builder  2. Middle Kingdom (11-17) Middle Kingdom (11-13) Second Intermediate Period (14-17) 3. New Kingdom Third Intermediate Period (18-25) 4. Late Period (25-31) 5. Macedonian Period (Alexander the Great and his successors) 6. Ptolemaic Dynasty (Ptolemy I and ending with Cleopatra VII) Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: 1. Hatshepsut - ruled herself as the first woman pharaoh and ruled for around 20 years. She organized military campaigns and sent out trade expeditions to bring exotic goods to Egypt. 2. Thutmose III - was called the Napoleon of ancient Egypt because of his military genius and built many structures. He ruled for 54 years and created the largest empire ever in Egypt. 3. Rameses II - was one of the longest ruling pharaohs of ancient Egypt for 67 years. He lived for over 80 years with over a dozen wives and more than 100 children. 4. Amenhotep III’s - rule is remembered as one of artistic glory and prosperity having a large impact on the economy of Egypt. 5. Tutankhamun - was the 12th king of the 18th dynasty. He was a boy king at age 9 and most famous Pharaoh of all time. He was not renowned as a ruler but famous for his riches inside his intact tomb. 6. Amenhotep IV or Akhenaten - ruled for less than 20 years and introduced the concept of a single god, Aten which was later reversed by his son, Tutankhamun. 7. Djozer - was known for the famous limestone Step Pyramid at Saqqara which is an example of great technological innovation. 8. Khufu - built the oldest and largest pyramid in Giza remarkable for its construction techniques. 9. Cleopatra (Queen of the Nile) - was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt though she was not of Egyptian lineage, being the daughter of Ptolemy XII (Greek). ROYAL SYMBOLS: The Headdress Double Crown headdress (‘pschent’) represents the kingship of the 2 lands, Upper and Lower Egypt. The white crown ('hedjet') is for Upper Egypt and the red crown ('deshret') for Lower Egypt. Nemes Crown is a striped head cloth worn almost exclusively by the king in representations like a sphinx or falcon.