Romanesque Architecture PDF

A BRIEF HISTORY (OUT OF THE DARK AGES) Before we look at the Romanesque art period, it will help us to understand how this period evolved. The Romanesque period took place during a time in Europe’s history called the Medieval period, or Middle Ages. The Medieval period started with the fall of the...

A BRIEF HISTORY (OUT OF THE DARK AGES) Before we look at the Romanesque art period, it will help us to understand how this period evolved. The Romanesque period took place during a time in Europe’s history called the Medieval period, or Middle Ages. The Medieval period started with the fall of the Roman Empire around 476 CE and lasted to around the late 1400s, which was when the Renaissance period brought new light to a darkened Western world. The Roman Empire fell because of the widespread disintegration of the political system, invasions from Germanic and other tribes, as well as many other debated factors related to its decline. The Roman Empire was also split into different parts, which weakened its ability to fight back against the invading tribes. The Migration Period was also another part of the Medieval period because, not only did various tribes invade the Roman Empire, but there was also a mass migration of these tribes into the Roman Empire. Some of the tribes were Germanic, like the Anglo- Saxons, the Goths, the Lombards, the Vandals, and some were Eurasian like the Slavs. During this period, there was also religious discord between the Eastern and Western European countries. This was marked by what was known as the East-West schism in 1054 CE, where the Roman Catholic Church (which was run by the Pope in the West) was separated from the Eastern Orthodox Church in the East (run by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople). There were thousands of changes and developments during the Medieval period – developments in politics, religion, and the arts throughout many countries. What is important to understand about this vast and complex time is that religion played an important role in society. The Early Middle Ages also saw the rise of monasticism. The “Father of Europe” Charlemagne, Charles I or otherwise known as Charles the Great, was a significant figure during the Medieval period because he was responsible for the reunification of the Western and Central European countries. His coronation as Emperor of Rome was held in 800 CE, and prior to this he was the King of the Franks in 768 and King of the Lombards in 774. The “Father of Europe” He was also the first emperor since the Roman Empire fell (estimated around three centuries prior), and with this, he reunited regions in Western Europe that had not been united since. He came to be considered as the “Father of Europe” because of his unifying force Charlemagne himself was a patron of the arts and he sought to emulate the ideals from the Classical Roman Empire by constructing various religious buildings; architecture was an important part of the Carolingian Empire  The “Father of Europe” Charlemagne set out to build during his reign. “the little more than eight decades between 768 to 855 alone saw the construction of 27 new cathedrals, 417 monasteries, and 100 royal residences”.  The “Father of Europe” Churches were mostly built following the layouts of basilicas, which were public buildings during ancient Roman times. The structure of the churches was also changed to accommodate various religious ceremonies. Some of the changes consisted of the entrances becoming west-facing, otherwise known as westworks, and the eastern ends of the church housing the altars. The western fronts were usually done at monumental scales. EXTRA INFO (NORMAN) Another important marker in Romanesque history was in 1066 when William, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England. There was an increase in buildings that acted as fortifications, like castles and strongholds, which also showed that it was Norman territory. The Crusades during 1095 to 1270 CE also increased the spread of cultural ideas and various skills in crafts like masonry and metalworking. There was also an influence from the Eastern European style of architecture, namely architectural domes from Constantinople. CLIMATE & MATERIALS CLIMATE & MATERIALS ROMANESQUE The word “Romanesque” relates to the Romans, and is often explained as having “descended from [the] Romans”. ROMANESQUE Romanesque architecture shares some common features regardless of the regional differences. It is often described as “sturdy” and “solid” in structure. Notable similarities across regions would be thick walls, smaller windows, and columns, which would usually alternate with piers. Columns were made in the form of stone drums, which were thick and large to provide enough stability and support for the walls, roof, and vaulting above. ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE ARCH was the most know Architectural Element ROMANESQUE TYPES OF ARCHES 1. SEMI CIRCULAR ARCH 2. SEGMENTED ARCH 3. HORSESHOE ARCH 4. STILTED ARCH ROMANESQUE TYPES OF ARCHES 1. Semi Circular Arch A round arch whose intrados is a full semicircle. ROMANESQUE TYPES OF ARCHES 2. Segmented Arch A shallow arch, an arch that is less than a semicircle. ROMANESQUE TYPES OF ARCHES 3. Horseshoe Arch Also Called the Moorish arch and the Keyhole arch. ROMANESQUE TYPES OF ARCHES 4. Stilted Arch An Arch whose curve begins above the impost line. ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE CAPITALS GREEK ORDERS ROMANESQUE ORDERS DORIC IONIC CORINTHIAN ROMAN ORDERS TUSCAN COMPOSITE SALVAGE CAPITAL ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE CAPITALS SALVAGE CAPITAL A capital which is decorated with figures of animals, birds, or human, used either alone or combined with foliage. The figures need not have any meaning, although they may be symbolic or part of a narrative sequence. Salvage (Historiated or figured capital) were most commonly used in Romanesque from the late 11th to mid 12th centuries ROMANESQUE NORMAN CAPITALS BLOCK, CUSHION OR CUBIC CAPITAL A simple cube-like capital with bottom corners tapered. The block capital is particularly characteristic of Ottonian and Romanesque Architecture in Germany and England ROMANESQUE 1. BARREL VAULT 2. GROIN VAULT 3. RIB VAULT 4. POINTED ARCHED VAULT ROMANESQUE VOULTING SYSTEM 1. BARREL VAULT The simplest type of vaulted roof is the barrel vault in which a single arched surface extends from wall to wall , the length of the space to be vaulted Buttress Buttress ROMANESQUE BARREL VAULT ROMANESQUE VOULTING SYSTEM 2. GROIN VAULT A groin Vault or groined (also sometimes know as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. Space Included in bay Piers ROMANESQUE GROIN VAULT ARRIS ROMANESQUE VAULTING SYSTEM 3. RIB VAULT In ribbed vaults, not only are there ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely, but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs. DIAGONAL WEB RIB TRANSVERSE RIB ROMANESQUE RIB VAULT TYPE OF RIB VAULT a. QUADRIPARTITE RIB VAULT When two masonry ribs dividing into 4 section ROMANESQUE RIB VAULT TYPE OF RIB VAULT b. SEXPARTITE RIB VAULT When three masonry ribs dividing into 6 section ROMANESQUE VAULTING SYSTEM 4. POINTED ARCHED VAULT Breakaway from the traditional semi-circular arches Heading to Gothic Pointed Arch ROMANESQUE POINTED ARCHED VAULT ROMANESQUE DECORATIVE PATTERN Geometric shape rather than intricate curvilinear or floral patterns. ROMANESQUE DECORATIVE PATTERN 1. CHEVRON A zigzag molding used in Romanesque arch's ROMANESQUE DECORATIVE PATTERN 2. BILLET Molding formed by a series of circular, cylinders, disposed alternately with the notches in single or multiple rows. ROMANESQUE DECORATIVE PATTERN 3. LOZENGES Tongue-like protrusions. A diamond shape decoration found carved on pillars and arches. ROMANESQUE DECORATIVE PATTERN 4. STAR Also Called chip-carved star, motive star flower, or saltire cross ROMANESQUE DECORATIVE PATTERN 5. CABLE A convex molding carved in imitation of a rope or cord, and used to decorate the moldings of the Romanesque style. ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE Romanesque feature of a nave arcade designed for the support of arches and to bring arch and pier into harmony. ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE DOORWAYS WITH A TYMPANUM Also called Romanesque Portal. They were later decorated and the space between the door head and inner arch was filled by a stone slab called a TYMPANUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE THE WESTWORK A westwork is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian or Romanesque Church. The exterior consist of multiple stories between two towers. The interior include an entrance vestibule, a chapel and a series of galleries overlooking the nave ROMANESQUE 1. Thick wall which support stone roofs 2. Round Arches 3. Sturdy Piers 4. Groin , Rib and Barrel Vault 5. Large Towers 6. Decorative Arcading 7. Small windows to keep the strength of the wall 8. Large , simple geometric masses 9. Interior tend to be dark because of the massive walls that dictate small windows ROMANESQUE 1. CHRUCHES 2. MONASTERIES 3. CASTLES 4. FORTIFIED TOWNS ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES CHRUCHES Christianity, the chief source if education and culture, was gradually extending throughout northern Europe, and the erection of a church often resulted in the foundation of a city; for the Papacy had been rising to great power and influence, and rivaled or even controlled, such civil government as existed. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY 1. PISA CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1063-92) 2. SAN MICHELE, FORRO LUCCA (A.D. 1188, FAÇADE A.D. 1288) 3. PISTOIA CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1150) 4. THE CLOISTER OF S. GIOVANNI IN LATERANO, ROME (A.D. 1232) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY 1. PISA CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1063-92) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY 1. PISA CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1063-92) Pisa Cathedral is a masterpiece of Romanesque Architecture The Cathedral is about one hundred meters long and 54 meters high. The façade is 35.40m high and is made up of marble. The bottom section has tall blind arcades with pastel- colored marble inlay and three portals with bronze doors. The main Architect was Buscheto. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY PISA CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1063-92) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY PISA CATHEDRAL Above the doors are four rows of open galleries with on top, statues of Madonna with child and on the corners the four evangelists. Also in the façade is found the tomb of Buscheto (on the left side) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY PISA CATHEDRAL At east end of the exterior, high on a column rising from the gable, is a modern replica of the Pisa Griffin, the largest Islamic metal sculpture known. It is the largest medieval Islamic metal sculpture known, at over 3’ tall (42.5” or 1.07m) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY PISA CATHEDRAL (INTERIOR) The Interior is faced with black and white marble Has a gilded ceiling and a frescoed dome ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY LEANING TOWER OF PISA The bell tower, begun in 1173 as the third and final structure of the city’s cathedral complex, was designed to stand 185 feet (55.86 meters) high and was constructed of white marble. The tower actually stood upright for over 5 years, but just after the completion of the third floor (1178) it began to lean. The foundation of the tower, only 3 meter deep, was built on a dense clay mixture, the clay was not nearly as strong enough as required to hold the tower. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY LEANING TOWER OF PISA After the 100 year haitus, Giovanni di Simone stepped forward in 1272 and began to add four more floor to the tower. The width of the wall at the base is 2.44m. Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons. The tower has 296 of 294 steps Originally the tower is lean at an angle of 5.5 degree but now it is 3.97 degree Outer diameter of base: 15.84 m & inner diameter of base: 7.368m ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY 2. SAN MICHELE, FORRO LUCCA (A.D. 1188, FAÇADE A.D. 1288) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY SAN MICHELE, FORRO LUCCA The church is mentioned for the first time in 795 as ad foro (in the forum). It was rebuilt after 1070 by will of Pope Alexander II. Notable is the façade, from the 13th century, with a large series of sculptures and inlays, numerous of which remade in the 19th century. The lower part has a series of blind arcades, the central of which includes the main portal. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY SAN MICHELE, FORRO LUCCA The interior of the church has two aisles and a nave, which have been designed to present beautiful pieces of artwork. The two aisles have been designed with a transept design and have a semicircular apse at its end. The magnificent nave is supported by multiple arcades designed on monolithic column. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY 3. PISTOIA CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1150) The first mention of a cathedral dates to 923. In 998 a diploma of Emperor Otto III refers to a Palaeo- Christian building located between the "cathedral square" (Piazza del Duomo) and the city's watch tower. In 1108 the cathedral was damaged by a fire, and was probably rebuilt over the next few decades. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY PISTOIA CATHEDRAL The presbytery pavement is raised, housing the crypt underneath, while the nave and the aisles, separated by columns, have vaults and wooden truss covers respectively. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY 4. THE CLOISTER OF S. GIOVANNI IN LATERANO, ROME (A.D. 1232) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES CENTRAL ITALY THE CLOISTER OF S. GIOVANNI IN LATERANO, ROME (A.D. 1232) The cloister was created by Pietro Vassalletto, of the celebrated Roman family of architects and sculptors, who began its construction in 1222. After Pietro's death the project was continued by his son Nicola, until its conclusion in 1232. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NORTHERN ITALY 1. S. ANTONINO, PIACENZA (A.D. 1104) 2. S. AMBROGIO, MILAN (A.D. 1140) 3. S. MICHELE, PAVIA (A.D. 1188) 4. S. ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA (A.D. 1139) 5. THE BAPTISTERY, CREMONA (A.D. 1167) 6. THE BAPTISTERY, ASTI (A.D. 1050) 7. THE BAPTISTERY, PARMA (A.D. 1196) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 1. S. ANTONINO, PIACENZA (A.D. 1104) The Basilica of Sant'Antonino was founded in the 4th century and preserves the relics of Antoninus of Piacenza, the patron saint of the town. It is an example of Romanesque architecture and is characterized by a large octagonal tower. The basilica welcomed the delegates of the Lombard League and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who gathered there to sign the preliminaries of the Peace of Constance (1183). ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY S. ANTONINO, PIACENZA (A.D. 1104) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 2. S. AMBROGIO, MILAN (A.D. 1140) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY S. AMBROGIO, MILAN (A.D. 1140) The church is mostly built in brickwork of different origins and colors, with parts of stone and white plastering. The current Romanesque church was begun around 1080. The Nave dates to about 1128, and the rib vaults of the nave are from about 1140. The basilica has two bell towers. The right one, called dei Monaci ("of the Monks"), is from the 9th century and has a severe appearance typical of defensive structures. The left and higher one dates from 1144, with the last two floors added in 1889. It was likely designed by the same architect of the Romanesque basilica since it contains the same decorative elements. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY S. AMBROGIO, MILAN (A.D. 1140) The basilica has a semi-circular apse, and smaller, semi-circular chapels at the end of the aisles; there is no transept.The interior has the same size as the external portico and The ceiling features groin vaults, each supported by its own semi-pillar or semi-column, which, in the lower section, become a single pillar. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 3. S. MICHELE, PAVIA (A.D. 1188) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA (A.D. 1188) The Basilica of San Michele dates back to the 11th and 12th centuries and is one of the most beautiful churches in the Lombard Romanesque style. A previous building having been destroyed by fire in 1004, the construction of the present basilica began towards the end of the 11th century and was certainly completed in 1155, with an interruption due to the great earthquake of 1117. San Michele stands out from the other churches in the city for its intensive use, both for its structure and for its decorations, of fragile ochre-coloured sandstone instead of terracotta. The façade is decorated with a rich repertoire of beautiful sandstone sculptures. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA (A.D. 1188) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 4. S. ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA (A.D. 1139) The church of San Zeno constituted the model for all subsequent Romanesque edifices in Verona. Built of cream-coloured tuff, the façade is divided into three vertical components, the central nave surmounted by a pediment and the two aisle with sloping rooflines, all supported upon small pendentive blind arcades. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY S. ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA (A.D. 1139) The interior of the church is on three levels with an extensive crypt on the lower level, the church proper and a raised presbytery. BELL TOWER The bell tower stands as a separate building. It is 62 m-high and was begun in 1045 and completed in 1178. It is stylistically Romanesque like the church, having a central vertical belt of alternating tuff and brickwork bands. It is divided in floors by cornices and small tuff arches, and rises to a double-storied bell chamber with triple mullioned windows. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 5. THE BAPTISTERY, CREMONA (A.D. 1167) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY THE BAPTISTERY, CREMONA (A.D. 1167) The Cremona Baptistery is one of the collection of historic monuments that adorn the Piazza del Comune in the city of Cremona in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. Built in 1167, the Baptistery contains elements of different architectural styles including Romanesque and Italian Gothic. The octagonal structure is separated from the adjacent Cremona Cathedral by a narrow walkway of just two meters. The Cathedral with is huge facade and rose window, is dwarfed in size by the giant tower that overlooks the square: the Torrazzo which reaches a height of 112 meters. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 6. THE BAPTISTERY, ASTI (A.D. 1050) The beautiful Baptistery of Florence, also known as the Baptistery of Saint John (Florence, Italy). The octagonal baptistery is places in both the Piazza del Duomo and Piazza San Giovanni. It was constructed between 1059 and 1128 in the Florentine Romanesque style and in one of the oldest buildings in Florence ROMANESQUE CHURCHES NOTHERN ITALY 7. THE BAPTISTERY, PARMA (A.D. 1196) The Baptistery of Parma is a religious edifice in Parma , northern Italy. Architecturally, the baptistery of Parma Cathedral marks a transition between the Romanesque and Gothic styles, and it is considered to be among the most important Medieval monuments in Europe. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 1. MONREALE CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1174) 2. S. GIOVANNI DEGLI EREMITI, PALERMO (A.D. 1132) 3. LA MARTORANA, PALERMO (A.D. 1129-1143) 4. S. NICOLAS, BARI (A.D. 1197) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 1. MONREALE CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1174) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY MONREALE CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1174) The plan of the church is based on models of Clunian origin from northern France. The facade flanked by two towers. like the Cathedral of Cefalu , while the large three- apse choir is similar to one of the first three-apse churches.. The basilica nave is wide, with narrow Aisles. On each side, monolithic columns of grey oriental granite support eight pointed arches much stilted. The capitals of these are also of the classical period. There is no triforium , but a high clerestory with wide two-light windows, with simple tracery like those in the nave- aisles and throughout the church, which give sufficient light. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 2. S. GIOVANNI DEGLI EREMITI, PALERMO (A.D. 1132) The church was designed according to Arab- Norman canons. The outside has a bare curtain wall but recalls eastern elements, cubic structures topped by hemispherical domes in a square-circle pattern representing earth and sky, a common theme in Islamic and Byzantine culture. In contrast to the outside, the church interior is sober with a standard structure and in a "commissa" cross layout. From inside the church, a small passageway leads to the "Arab Hall," probably dating back to a pre-existing Islamic mosque. Attached to the Church is the square-shaped Cloister, with double columns and adorned by a garden that retains a quiet sacredness ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 3. LA MARTORANA, PALERMO (A.D. 1129-1143) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 3. LA MARTORANA, PALERMO (A.D. 1129-1143) La Martorana was built between 1129-1143 during the reign of the Norman King Roger II. The commander and admiral of the Sicilian navy, George of Antioch, commissioned the church. He hired Byzantine mosaicists from Constantinople to decorate the walls. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 4. S. NICOLAS, BARI (A.D. 1197) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES SOUTHERN ITALY 4. S. NICOLAS, BARI (A.D. 1197) The Basilica of St. Nicholas was built in the late 11th century to shelter and venerate the relics of St. Nicholas that reached Bari on May 9th, 1087 from the homonymous church in Myra, Lycia (modern-day Turkey). The classical Romanesque-style basilica is located within the ancient fortified citadel, once occupied by the Catapan Court. It is the main structure within the St. Nicholas Citadel which also encompasses a series of other buildings constructed over time. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 1. THE ABBAYE-AUX-DAMES, CAEN (A.D. 1083) 2. SAINT SERNIN, TOULOUSE, FRANCE (1080-1120) 3. S. MADELEINE, VEZELAY (A.D. 1100) 4. AUTUN CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1090-1132) 5. S. TROPHIME, ARLES (A.D. 1150) 6. NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE, POITIERS (11th CENTURY) 7. FONTEVRAUD ABBEY (A.D. 1101-19) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 1. THE ABBAYE-AUX-DAMES, CAEN (A.D. 1083) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE THE ABBAYE-AUX-DAMES, CAEN (A.D. 1083) The abbey was to be built in Caen Stone , and construction began in 1066. For many decades during the 11th century, there was a mutually fruitful competition between Saint-Étienne and its sister building Sainte-Trinité. The west façade was built at the end of the 11th century An important feature added to both churches in about 1120 was the ribbed vault ,used for the first time in France. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 2. SAINT SERNIN, TOULOUSE, FRANCE (1080-1120) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 2. SAINT SERNIN, TOULOUSE, FRANCE (1080-1120) Despite being called a basilica, Saint- Sernin's deviates from the basilica plan of early Christian architecture in a few ways. It is much larger compared to earlier churches, measuring 104m in length. It is also constructed mostly of brick. The building is in the form of a crucifix. The ceilings are vaulted, unlike many of the earlier churches. On the exterior, the bell tower , standing directly over the transept crossing, is the most visible feature. It is divided into five tiers, of which the lower three, with Romanesque arches, date from the 12th century and the upper two from the 13th century (circa 1270). ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 3. S. MADELEINE, VEZELAY (A.D. 1100) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 4. AUTUN CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1090-1132) The Cathedral of St. Lazare has a ground-plan in the form of a Latin cross, with an aisled nave, a plain transept and a three-stage choir with a semicircular end. The interior has a nave and two aisles, divided by massive columns with longitudinal carvings punctuated with beautifully decorated Romanesque capitals. The plan of the cathedral has a narthex of two bays topped by two towers, followed by a 7-bay nave flanked by side aisles and a transept with the tower surmounting cross. The twin flanking towers date from the 19th century ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE AUTUN CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1090-1132) The Last Judgment is believed to have been created around 1130. The tympanum was saved from potential ruin as the canons who were managing the cathedral in the eighteenth century believed that Gislebertus' work was ugly, they covered it with plaster. The tympanum was rediscovered and released from the plaster in 1837. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 5. ST. TROPHIME, ARLES (A.D. 1150) At the time the cathedral was built, in the late 11th century or early 12th century, Arles was the second-largest city in Provence. The apse and the transept were probably built first, in the late 11th century, and the nave and bell tower were completed in the second quarter of the 12th century. The Romanesque church had a long central nave 20 meters high; lower collateral aisles on either side; a transept supporting the square central bell tower; and a chevet behind the altar at the east end with a hemispherical vault. The windows are small and high up on the nave, above the level of the collateral aisles. ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE ST. TROPHIME, ARLES (A.D. 1150) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE 6. NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE, POITIERS (11th CENTURY) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES FRENCH ROMANESQUE NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE, POITIERS (11th CENTURY) The plan of the church is composed of a central nave with aisles according to a frequent plan in Romanesque architecture of Poitou. The interior has the effect of a "church agora" on just one plane. The barrel vault has a slightly flattened silhouette, whereas the aisles are covered with a groined vault. Outside, the aisles were covered with a terrace punt, the roof being reserved for the nave: thus there was the effect of a basilica on two level. ROMANESQUE CHURCH FRENCH ROMANESQUE 7. FONTEVRAUD ABBEY (A.D. 1101-19) ROMANESQUE CHURCH FRENCH ROMANESQUE FONTEVRAUD ABBEY (A.D. 1101-19) ROMANESQUE CHURCHES GERMAN ROMANESQUE 1. SPEYER CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1030) 2. WORMS CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1110-1200) 3. MARIA LAACH ABBEY (A.D. 1093-1156) 4. LUBECK CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1173) 5. TREVES CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1016-17) ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE 1. SPEYER CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1030) ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE SPEYER CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1030) Begun in 1030 under Condrad II , with the east end and high vault of 1090–1103, the imposing triple-aisled vaulted basilica of red sandstone is the "culmination of a design which was extremely influential in the subsequent development of Romanesque architecture during the 11th and 12th centuries" ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE 2. WORMS CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1110-1200) St Peter's Cathedral (German: Wormser Dom) is a Roman Chatholic church and former cathedral in Worms, southern Germany. The cathedral is located on the highest point of the inner city of Worms and is the most important building of the Romanesque style in Worms The cathedral is a pier-basilica with two choirs and a transept. A central tower is located on the crossing, another over the western choir. Both choirs are flanked by two round staircase towers. The nave is vaulted in various ways: the central aisle has rib vaulting, while the side aisles have groin vaults. The apse of the west choir takes the form of an octagon and is decorated with various rosette windows. ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE 2. WORMS CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1110-1200) ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE 3. MARIA LAACH ABBEY (A.D. 1093-1156) The abbey church of Maria Laach is considered a masterpiece of German Romanesque architecture, with its multiple towers, large westwork with arcaded gallery, and unique west porch. The east end has a round apse flanked by twin square towers. Over the transept crossing is a broad cupola with cone-shaped roof. The monumental west façade includes a west choir with apse flanked by round twin towers and a square central tower and a single-story, colonnaded west porch surrounding a small courtyard, was added in about 1225. ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE MARIA LAACH ABBEY (A.D. 1093-1156) ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE 4. LÜBECK CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1173) In 1173 Henry the Lion founded the cathedral to serve the Diocese of Lubeck. The then Romanesque cathedral was completed around 1230, but between 1266 and 1335 it was converted into a Gothic -style building with side-aisles raised to the same height as the main aisle (around 20m). ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE LÜBECK CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1173) ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE 5. TREVES CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1016-17) Large sections of Roman brickwork are visible on the north façade. The imposing westwork of Trier Cathedral consist of five symmetrical sections and is typical of Romanesque Architecture under the Salian emperor (11th century) The interior measures 112.5 by 41 meter. It consists of three largely Romanesque nave with Gothic Vaulting. ROMANESQUE CHURCH GERMAN ROMANESQUE TREVES CATHEDRAL (A.D. 1016-17) ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES MONASTERIES Monasteries were often sited just outside the city gates and provided work, medical care, education and hostel for travelers Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of the religious orders. Schools attached to monasteries trained youths for the service of religion; monks and their pupils were the designer of the cathedrals Architecture – “ Scared science” They also trained masons, carvers, joiners and engineers ROMANESQUE MONASTERIERS 1. ST. MARTIN CANIGOU (A.D. 1001-26) The monastery built in 1009 in the Pyrenees of Northern Catalonia on Canigou mountain in present-day southern France near the Spanish border The abbey consists of two churches in the First Romanesque style; the lower church, dedicated to St. Mary, and the upper, dedicated to St. Martin The lower church is predominantly black, and vault height rarely exceeds 3 meters The upper church was built between the years 1010-1020 (at the same time as the expansion of the lower church). The gatehouse is no longer than 19 meters after being damaged in the 1428 earthquake. It was never fully restored. ROMANESQUE MONASTERIERS ST. MARTIN CANIGOU (A.D. 1001-26) ROMANESQUE MONASTERIERS 2. THE ABBEY CHURCH, CLUNY (A.D. 1089-1131) The abbey was constructed in the Romanesque Architectural Style , with three churches built in succession from the 4th to the early 12th centuries. The earliest basilica was the world's largest church until the St. Peter's Basilica construction began in Rome. ROMANESQUE MONASTERIERS THE ABBEY CHURCH, CLUNY (A.D. 1089-1131) ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES CASTLES The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum, which is a diminutive of the word castrum , meaning "fortified place". A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 1. BATTLEMENT 1 Castle Battlements were 4 small defensive walls at the top of a castle’s main walls 3 9 2. BAILEY The stables, kitchens, 12 storerooms, living quarters of the people associated 10 with the castle (soldiers and 5 8 servants, for example), and perhaps a chapel 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 3. TOWER 1 Tower enable defenders to 4 spot besieging soldier approaching in the 3 distance. 9 4. BARBICAN Barbican was built as an 12 additional outpost that served as extra protection to 10 the Castle entrance. 5 8 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 5. PORTCULLIS 1 Castle Portcullis were 4 highly effective quickly activated additional 3 defenses for a castle main Gate entrance 9 6. DRAWBRIDGE Drawbridge were made of 12 heavy wood that was 10 commonly metal plated. 5 8 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 7. ARROW LOOPS 1 Arrow loops were design 4 to protect the Archers whilst they fire upon 3 besieging armies. 9 8. MOAT Moat were a simple but very 12 effective defensive part of a 10 medieval castle. 5 8 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 9. CURTAIN WALL 1 Concentric castle commonly 4 had two or more walls, which allowed defending 3 soldier to pull back. 9 10. WATCHTOWER Watchtower gave an early 12 warning of approaching 10 enemy soldier and were usually manned all year 5 8 round 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 11. GATEHOUSE 1 Gatehouse was an additional 4 structure to defend a castle most vulnerable part, the 3 entrance 9 12. MACHICOLATION Machicolation created a 12 platform that jutted out from 10 which hot liquid & rocks could be thrown. 5 8 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES PARTS OF A CASTLES 2 13 13. KEEP 1 The Castle Keep was an 4 important stronghold of a castle commonly occupied 3 by the most important people. 9 12 10 5 8 6 11 7 ROMANESQUE CASTLE THE MOTTE AND BAILEY (WINDSOR) The Castle is centered on the motte or artificial hill on which William the Conqueror built the first wooden castle between 1070 and 1086 A.D. The motte is 15 meters high and consists of chalk excavated from a surrounding ditch which become a moat. ROMANESQUE CASTLE THE MOTTE AND BAILEY (WINDSOR) ROMANESQUE CASTLE ROCHESTER CASTLE, KENT, ENGLAND A.D. 1130 Rochester Castle stands on the east bank of the River Medway in Rochester, Kent, South East England. The castle built by Bishop Gundulf in the late 12th century was enclosed by a stone wall. Situated in the south-west corner of the city ROMANESQUE CASTLE ROCHESTER CASTLE, KENT, ENGLAND A.D. 1130 ROMANESQUE CASTLE CARDIFF CASTLE, ENGLAND A.D. 1091 ROMANESQUE CASTLE CARDIFF CASTLE, ENGLAND A.D. 1091 Cardiff Castle was a motte and bailey design. There are two possible dates for the construction: William the Conqueror may have built a castle at Cardiff as early as 1081 on his return from his pilgrimage Alternatively, the first Norman fortification may have been constructed around 1091 by Robert Fitzhamon. ROMANESQUE CASTLE LA ZISA, PALERMO (A.D. 1154-66) ROMANESQUE CASTLE LA ZISA, PALERMO (A.D. 1154-66) La Zisa, Palermo is a rectangular, three-storey Norman Castle with battlement parapet and shows the influence of Saracenic art ROMANESQUE ROMANESQUE BUILDING TYPES FORTIFIED TOWN A defensive wall is fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN 1. MONTERIGGIONI, SIENNA ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN MONTERIGGIONI, SIENA In the heart of Tuscany, in southwest corner of the Chiante region, Monteriggioni castle was built in the second decade of the 13th century by the Republic of Siena. Its original purpose was a defensive outpost against Siena’s rival Florence. ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN 2. THE CARCASSONNE, FRANCE (AS.D. 1226) ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN THE CARCASSONE, FRANCE (AS.D. 1226) Since the pre-Roman period, a fortified settlement has existed on the hill while Carcassonne now stands. In its present form it is an outstanding example of medieval fortified town, with its massive defense encircling the castle and the surrounding building , its streets and its fine Gothic cathedral. ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN 3. AVILA, SPAIN (A.D. 1090) ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN AVILA, SPAIN (A.D. 1090) The Walls of Ávila, completed between the 11th and 14th centuries, are the defensive wall of Avila, Spain, and its principal historic feature. These medieval fortifications are the most complete and best preserved in all the country. This purity of form can still be seen in the Gothic cathedral and the fortification which, with their 82 semicircular towers and 9 gates. ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN 4. PENISCOLA, SPAIN (A.D. 1294) ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN PENISCOLA, SPAIN (A.D. 1294) Peniscola, often called the “Gibraltar of Valencia”, Is a fortified seaport, with a lighthouse, built on a rocky headland about 67 m high, and joined to mainland by only a narrow strip of land. ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN 5. THE ABBEY OF MONT SAINT-MICHEL, FRANCE (A.D. 1017) ROMANESQUE FORTIFIED TOWN THE ABBEY OF MONT SAINT-MICHEL, FRANCE (A.D. 1017) A benedictine Abbey, Normandy , France. It is a unquestionably the finest example both of French medieval architecture and a fortified abbey. The building of the monastery are piled round a conical mass of rock which rises abruptly out of the water of the Atlantic to the height of 300 feet, on the summit of which stands the great church. ROMANESQUE