History of Architecture PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE A RECORD, A STUDY INTERPRETING RELIGION ARCHITECTURE, EXAMINING FORMS, FOCUSES MORE ON RELIGIOUS PURPOSE, AND EVOLUTION. BUILDINGS, OFTEN THE MOST EXPRESSIVE, PERMANENT, AND HELPS...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE A RECORD, A STUDY INTERPRETING RELIGION ARCHITECTURE, EXAMINING FORMS, FOCUSES MORE ON RELIGIOUS PURPOSE, AND EVOLUTION. BUILDINGS, OFTEN THE MOST EXPRESSIVE, PERMANENT, AND HELPS US TO UNDERSTAND SOCIETY INFLUENTIAL STRUCTURES IN PAST AND CULTURE IT REPRESENTS, CULTURES. VALUABLE FOR CONTEMPORARY ARCHI. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ENABLES ARCHITECTS TO SEE ARCHITECTURE SHAPES OUR BUILDINGS AND CITIES AS MORE THAN UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD, A VISUAL PHENOMENA, PROMOTING REFLECTING THE RELATIONSHIP CULTURALLY INCLUSIVE APPROACH BETWEEN MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES BEYOND PERSONAL TASTE. AND POLITICAL POWER. IT ALLOWS SOCIETIES TO VISUALIZE AND HELPS ARCHI’S TO BE MORE CREATIVE EXPRESS THEIR SOCIAL AND AND FLEXIBLE OVERALL. CULTURAL TRADITIONS. LEADERS USE ARCHITECTURE TO INFLUENCES ON ARCHITECTURE CONVEY THEIR DESIRED IMAGE, GEOGRAPHICAL ENFORCE THEIR VIEWS, AND ASSERT CIVILIZATION IS LARGELY SHAPED BY DOMINANCE, AS SEEN IN GEOGRAPICAL CONDITIONS, AS HISTORICAL EFFORTS TO PROJECT LANDS FEATURES INFLUENCE WEALTH AND POWER. LIFESTYLE AND INTELLECTUAL CULTURE. HISTORICAL EXPLORES HOW CIVILIZATIONS GEOLOGICAL EMERGED TO CONNECT HUMANS WITH MATERIALS AVAILABLE IN A COUNTRY THEIR ANCESTORS’ ACTIVITIES, INFLUENCE ITS ARCHITECTURAL SERVING AS INSPIRATION AND STYLE, AS NATURAL PRODUCTS LIKE MOTIVATION FOR CREATION AND WOOD, BRICK, OR STONE SHAPE CONSTRUCTION. ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENT. CLIMATE MACRO-CLIMATE, WHICH DESCRIBES A REGION’S GENERAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS. MICRO-CLIMATE, WHICH PERTAINS TO SPECIFIC LOCAL CONDITIONS LIKE TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AND AIR CURRENTS. ARCHITECTS MUST UNDERSTAND MICRO-CLIMATES TO WORK WITH THEM, MAXIMIZING BENEFICIAL QUALITIES WHILE MITIGATING NEGATIVE EFFECTS, AS THEY DIRECTLY INFLUENCE A BUILDING CHARACTER.  PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE BUILT SHELTER ORIGINS OF ARCHITECTURE IS TEMPORARY SHELTER BUILT BY CONNECTED TO HUMANS EFFORTS TO NOMADIC PEOPLES IN RESPONSE TO FULFILL PHYSICAL NEEDS. CLIMATE, LOCAL MATERIALS, ASND HUNTING PATTERNS. VITRIVUS: EARLY HUMANS IMITATED BIRD NESTS AND ANIMAL LAIRS, TIPI PLAINS, INDIAN STARTING WITH MUD COVERED TWIGS A PORTABLE CONICAL TENT. AND ADVANCING TO HUTS OF MADE OF WOODEN POLES, BRANCHES AND TURF. COVERED WITH ANIMAL HIDES. EARLY CIVILIZATION EVOLVED FROM HUNTER GATHERER SOCIETIES TO FARMING AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION, LEADING TO CREATION OF VILLAGES. ROCK CAVES BEEHIVE HUT (CLOCHAN) IRISH COAST EARLIEST FORM OF HUMAN SETTLEMEN, DRY STONE HUT WITH CORBELLED OCCUPIED BU HUNTERS AND ROOF, RESEMBLING BEEHIVE. GATHERERS. TRULLO APULIA, ITALY SQUARE CHAMBERS WITH CONICAL VAULTED ROOF. LASCAUZ CAVE MADE OF DRY STONES, CAVE IN FRANCE. CONSTRUCTED WITHOUT MORTAR. CONTAINS PALEOLITHIC WALL PAINTINGS AND ENGRAVINGS. ART DATE 13,000-8,500 BCE. FEATURES NEARLY 600 ANIMAL DEPICTIONS. DISCOVERED IN 1940 BY 4 TEENAGERS. A UNESCO HERITAGE SITE. WIGWAM EASTERN WOODLAND TRIBES ROUND OR OVAL IN SHAPE. POLES OVERLAID WITH BARK, RUSH MATS, OR ANIMAL SKINS  DOLMEN PREHISTORIC MEGALITH MONUMENT. CONSIST OF TWO OR MORE UPRIGHT STONES SUPPORTING A HORIZONTAL CAPSTONE. OFTEN REGRADED AS TOMB OR HOGAN NAVAJO PEOPLE BURIAL CHAMBER. CONSTRUCTED: EARTH & LOGS, COVERED WITH MUD & SOD. ROUND SHAPED DOOR FACE EAST. CROMLECH CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENT OF MEGALITHS. IGLOO INUIT PEOPLE ARCTIC REGIONS OFTEN ENCLOSES DOLMEN, CONSTRUCED: BLOCKS OF HARD MENHIR, OR BURIAL GROUND. SNOW OR ICE. USED FOR CEREMONIAL OR DOME SHAPED, WHEN PERMANENT, RITUALISTIC PURPOSES. MADE OF SOD, WOOD OR STONE. RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES TUMULUS (BARROW) EMERGE AS COMMUNITIES DEVELOP, ARTIFICIAL MOUND OF EARTH OR FOCUSING ON STRUCTURE FOR STONE. SPIRITUAL CELEBRATION AND SACRED BUILT OVER AN ANCIENT GRAVE PRACTICES. OR BURIAL SITE. OFTEN CONTAINS GRAVE GOODS MENHIR OR ARTIFACTS WITHIN THE PREHISTORIC MONUMENTAL MOUND. UPRIGHT STONE. OFTEN ALONE, SOMETIMES ALIGNED PARALLEL ROWS. REPRESENTS VICTORY OVER A TRIBE.  EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL HISTORICAL EGYPT’S CONTROL OF THE NILE WAS EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE CAN BE CRUCIAL FOR TRADE AND TRACED BACK OVER 4,000 YEARS, TRANSFORMED DESERT SANDS INTO PRIMARILY THROUGH SURVIVING FERTILE FIELDS THROUGH ITS MONUMENTS AND STRUCTURES, WATERS. RATHER THAN ANCIENT TEXTS. PYRAMIDS, BELIEVED TO BE THE GEOLOGICAL OLDEST MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS ABUNDANT LIMESTONE AT NORTH, DISCOVERED SO FAR. SANDSTONE AT CENTER, AND GRANITE (SYENITE) AT SOUTH NEAR ASWAN. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BRICKS WERE USED, OFTEN WERE PLANS FACED WITH HARDER MATERIALS. MADE FOR INTERNAL EFFECT OR AXIAL SUITABLE WOOD WAS SCARCE, AND CENTRAL PLANNING. LIMITED TO SMALL FOREST OF PALM AND ACACIA. WALLS IMMENSELY THICK, CONSTRUCTED OF CLIMATE GRANITE FOR IMPORTANT WARM, DRY CLIMATE WITH LITTLE BUILDINGS, AND BRICK FACED WITH VARIATION, CONTRIBUTING TO THE GRANITE FOR LESS IMPORTANT. WELL PRESERVE ANCIENT TEMPLES. TEMPLES WALLS OFTEN SLOPED STRUCTURE ARE SIMPLE INWARD, CREATING MASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH MINIMAL APPEARANCE. PROTECTION FROM HEAT, AS GRANITE WALLS WERE TYPICALLY INCLEMENT WEATHER WAS RARE. COVERED WITH FINE PLASTER, FEATURING LOW RELIEFS TREATED WITH BRIGHT COLORS. RELIGION THEORETICALLY MONOTHEISTIC BUT OPENINGS PRACTICALLY POLYTHEISTIC, SQUARE HEADED OPENINGS WITH PERSONIFYING NATURAL PHENOMENA MASSIVE STONE LINTELS, LIKE THE SUN AND MOON INTO TRABEATED STYLE WITH LIMITED MULTIPLE GODS. USE OF ARCHES. EGYPTIAN BELIEVED IN AFTERLIFE, WINDOWS WERE UNCOMMON, WITH LED TO PRESERVATION OF THE DEAD CLERESTORIES PROVIDING LIGHT. AND MONUMENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS LIKE PYRAMIDS. ROOFS MADE OF MASSIVE STONE BLOCKS SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SUPPORTED BY ENCLOSING WALLS CHEAP LABOR FOR PUBLIC WORKS, AND CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS. OFTEN RECEIVING FOOD AS FLAT ROOFS SERVED AS GATHERING PAYMENT, COMBINED WITH SPACE TO ENJOY VIEWS AND CENTRALIZED DESPOTIC BREEZES. CAN BE USED AT DAY GOVERNMENT, FACILITATED THE WITH TEMPORARY AWNINGS AS CONSTRUCTION OF MONUMENTAL SHADE. STRUCTURES. FLAT ROOFS WERE UTILIZED FOR KARNAK TEMPLE COMPLEX PRIESTLY PROCESSIONS IN TEMPLE OF AMON TEMPLES. TEMPLE OF KHONSU TEMPLE OF LUXOR COLUMNS FEATURES STONE SHAFTS CARVED TO AVENUE OF SPHINXES RESEMBLE VEGETATIONS OF NILE. WALKWAY OF SPHINXES LEADING TO A CAPITALS ARE BUD OR BELL SHAPED, TALL PORTAL GUARDED BY PYLON. OFTEN ADORNED WITH MOTIFS OF LILIES, PALMS, LOTUSES, OR SPHINX PAPYRUS PLANTS. IMAGINARY CREATURE HAVING A BODY OF LION AND HEAD OF A MAN, RAM MOULDINGS OR HAWK. HOLLOW AND BEAD MOTIFS WERE TYPICALLY USED TOGETHER. OFTEN CROWNED THE UPPER PARTS OF PYLANS AND WALLS. ORNAMENTS SYMBOLISM WAS A KEY ELEMENT, FEATURING MOTIFS LIKE SOLAR DISC AND VULTURE WITH OUTSPREAD WINGS AS SYMBOLS OF PROTECTION. SPIRALS AND FEATHER ORNAMENTS OBELISK WERE ALSO COMMONLY USED IN FOUR SIDED STONE, TAPERING TO A DESIGNS. PYRAMIDICAL CAP, OFTEN SCARAB OR SACRED BEETLE, INSCRIBED WITH HIEROGLYPHS. SYMBOLIZED THEIR RELIGION AND REPRESENTED RESURRECTION. RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES CULT TEMPLE WORSHIP OF A DEITY. MORTUARY TEMPLE PYLON FOR OFFERINGS AND WORSHIP OF A GATEWAY GUARDING A SACRED DECEASED PERSON, USUALLY KING. PRECINCT. CONSIST OF TWO MASSIVE SLOPING STONE TOWERS WITH CARVINGS OF PHAROAHS AND DEITIES. HYPOSTYLE HALL MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT COLUMNS IN ROWS SUPPORTING FLAT ROOF, SOMETIMES CLERESTORY. HYPAETRAL (KIOSK) FREESTANDING STONE CANOPYSTRUCTURE, NO ROOF, OPEN SKY. GREAT TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL TOMBS PYRAMID SERVED AS TOMBS FOR PHARAOHS. MASSIVE MASONRY STRUCTURE WITH RECTANGULAR BASE AND FOUR BARQUE TEMPLE STEEPLY SLOPING SIDES. ROOM OR BUILDING WHERE IMAGE OF OVER 80 PYRAMIDS BUILT ALONG NILE PHARAOH OR DEITY WAS REVERED. STEP PYRAMIDS (PREDATING TRUE PYRAMID) MAMMISI TEMPLE STEPPED SIDES. PYRAMID OF DJOSER, BIRTH HOUSE, SMALL SIDE TEMPLE, MOST NOTABLE EXAMPLE, DESIGNED KIOSK OR TENT. BY IMHOTEP. BUILT TO CELEBRATE BIRTHPLACE OF MAIN TEMPLES GOD. KA DENDERA TEMPLE COMPLEX INCLUDES SHADOWY DOUBLE OF A SEVERAL MAMMISI. PERSON, FIGURE WITH TWO UPRAISED ROCK CUT TOMBS ARMS. HEWN FROM NATIVE ROCK, FEATURING SYMBOLIZES RECEPTION ARCHITECTURAL FRONT AND DARK OF LIFE POWERS INTERIOR CHAMBERS SUPPORTED BY FROM GODS AND SOLID STONE PILLARS. SERVES AS SPIRITUAL ESSENCE THAT RESIDES WITHIN EACH INDIVIDUAL. BENT PYRAMID (BLUNT OR FALSE PYRAMID) PYRAMID CAUSEWAY BUILT BY PHAROAH SNEFERU IN A COVERED CEREMONIAL CORRIDOR DAHSHUR, FEATURES TRIANGULAR LEADING FROM THE VALLEY TEMPLE SURFACE THAT CHANGE DIRECTION TO THE MORTUARY TEMPLE AT THE NEAR THE TOP. PRAMIDS BASE. SLOPED PYRAMID (TRUE PYRAMID) MASTABA FOUR SLOPING TRIANGULAR SIDES TOMBS FOR NOBILITY OR ROYAL MEETING AT APEX, FIXED ANGLE. FAMILY MEMBERS, MADE OF MUD BRICK WITHIN RECTANGULAR SHAPE, GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA FLAT ROOF, AND INWARD SLOPING CHEOPS (KHUFU) SIDES. O: 146.46M, N:138M, S:230.25M MASTABA OF THY IN SAQQARA, FIFTH DYNASTY, BUILT FOR THY, A ROYAL CEPHRON (KHAFRA) ARCHITECT AND PYRAMID MANAGER. O: 143.87M, N:137.20M, S:215M MYCERINOS (MENKHARA) O: 65.50M, N:61M, S:103.4M PYRAMID COMPLEX VALLEY TEMPLE A PAVILION IN A PYRAMID COMPLEX, LNKED BY COVERED CAUSEWAY TO MORTUARY TEMPLE FOR PREPARING PHARAOHS FINAL JOURNEY. PYRAMID TEMPLE A MORTUARY TEMPLE DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO A PYRAMID WITHIN THE COMPLEX.