Practical Research 1 1st Quarterly Examinations PDF

Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TV...

Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand 4. Feasible - Research should be accomplished Scope of the Exam within the given timeframe. 5. Empirical - Research should solely be based on observed (and measured) phenomena. 1.1 The Nature and Characteristics of Research 1.1.1 Qualitative vs Quantitative Research Research Process 1.1.2 Qualitative Research Designs 1. Identification of a problem 2. Statement of the Problem with Scope and 1.2 Ethics of Research Delimitation 1.2.1 Rights of Research Participants 3. Review process 4. Research Design, Research Approach, and 1.3 Parts of a Research Research Tool 1.3.1 Research Title 5. Data collection, Treatment/processing, and 1.3.2 Research Problem Analysis 1.3.3 Statement of the Problem (SOP) 6. Data presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation 1.3.4 Specific Statement of the Problem 7. Conclusions, Implications, and (SSOP) Recommendations 1.3.5 Background of the Study (BOTS) 1.3.6 Scope and Delimitation (SD) Qualitative vs Quantitative Research 1.3.7 Significance of the Study (SS) 1.3.8 Research Framework Qualitative Research Polit and Beck (2008) define Qualitative research as the "Naturalistic1 Method of Inquiry" of research which deals with the issue of human complexity by The Nature of Research exploring it directly. What is Research? Quantitative Research Research follows a step-by-step process of Polit and Beck (2014) define quantitative research investigation that uses a standardized approach in as "the traditional positivist2 scientific method" which answering questions or solving problems (Polit & refers to a general set of orderly, disciplined Beck, 2004). procedures to acquire information. Research plays an important role in tertiary Quantitative Qualitative3 education. Though there are many problems confronted by higher education, developments are Aim Count things in A complete, detailed realized through research. After all, its main purpose attempt to explain description of what is is to answer a question or to solve an issue what is observed. observed (Palispis, 2004). Purpose Generalizability, Contextualization, Research is a very careful investigation of prediction, causal interpretation, something that purports the contribution of additional explanations understanding of or new knowledge and wisdom (Basey, as cited by perspectives Coleman & Briggs, 2002). Tools Surveys Researcher is the Research is a continuous undertaking of making tool known the unknown (Sanchez, 2022). Data Structured Unstructured Collection Research is a tested approach of thinking and employing validated instruments and steps to obtain Output Numbers and Words, pictures, or a more adequate solution to a problem that is Statistics objects otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means (Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, Sample Large sample size, Small sample size, 1995). random selection purposive selection Characteristics of a Research Objective/ Objective Subjective 1. Systematic - Without a system, research can be Subjective disorganized. Research Separated from the Immersed in the 2. Clear - Clear research includes a specific er's Role subject matter subject research problem, a statement of the problem, and specific statements of the problem. Analysis Statistical Interpretative 3. Objective - Research should be unbiased and free from errors. 1 3 It is naturalistic as the researcher must immerse with the In quantitative research, samples are referred to as topic to experience the data firsthand, hence naturally. respondents. On the other hand, in qualitative research, 2 It is positivist as it is only valid when it can be done through samples are referred to as participants. direct observation or experimentation; thus, it heavily focuses on being objective.  Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand Characteristics of a Qualitative Research 1. More flexible compared to quantitative research. 4. Ethnographic 2. It usually follows an iterative process. This study involves the collection and analysis of 3. It focuses on gathering rich insights from a few data about cultural groups or minorities. The respondents. researcher immerses themself with the people who 4. Collection of data is continuous. are the key informants and becomes a part of their 5. Uncontrolled naturalistic setting culture. o Its goal is to provide rich holistic insights into Strengths and Weaknesses of a Qualitative people's views and actions. Research o Cultural groups or minorities o Involves total immersion with the cultural Strengths Weaknesses group. Few sources of 5. Grounded Theory Participants 10-15 participants data The study is done by comparing collected units of Lengthier to data against one another until categories, properties, Contact More time to and hypotheses that state relations between these gather data from Time gather data categories and properties emerge. These 1 participant Instruments are hypotheses are tentative and are not tested in the Data Scheduling is study. flexible Gathering difficult Its goal is to craft (or generate) a theory that could (unstructured) Researcher must explain the process involved in the phenomenon. Topics can be o Based on systematically collected and Flexibility remain objective almost anything analyzed data all the time Researcher must o It is used to generate a theory that justifies a Ethics are heavily phenomenon. Ethics be cautious when incorporated asking questions 6. Situation Analysis Its goal is to summarize newly discovered findings to Qualitative Research Designs produce an understanding needed for future plans. Examples: Implementation of Hyflex Learning; Discovering the Innermost Beliefs and Convictions 1. Phenomenological 4 of J.P. Rizal; etc. This kind of research is used when a researcher wants to describe an event, activity, or 7. Historical phenomenon. It uses a combination of methods This study is concerned with the identification, such as interview, reading documents, watching location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past videos, or visiting places and events to describe events. This does not only refer to the events that the meaning of the human experiences (lived happened in the past, but also relating their experiences provided by the subjects or implications to the present and future. participants.) Its goal is to describe the "universal essence" of 8. Postmodern experiences shared by several people In contrast to traditional qualitative analysis, the (understanding) approach of this type of research is to analyze the facts that have been established as truths, the ability 2. Case Study5 of research and science to discover truth, and all It is an in-depth examination of an individual, generalizations and typologies. groups of people, or an institution. It provides information on where to draw conclusions about 9. Basic Interpretative Qualitative Study the impact of a significant event in one's life This is used when a researcher is interested in (Sanchez, 2002). identifying how individuals give meaning to a o Exploration and description of a situation or a problem. phenomenon o Narrowly focused; particular o High level of detail Ethics of Research o Significant impact of an event to a person o Combines subjective and objective data. Definition of Ethics Ethics refers to a set of moral principles. 3. Narrative A theory of system of moral values The main source of data for this type of research are A consciousness of moral importance forges a the chronological life accounts or individuals based conservation ethic. on their personal experiences. Life accounts may be The discipline dealing with what is good and bad analyzed psychologically, biographically, or through and with moral duty and obligation. discourse analysis. 4 5 Phenomenological vs Case Study: Phenomenological Case Study vs Narrative: Case studies examine specific and research observes an event, activity, or phenomenon on a detailed experiences of its subject; whereas narrative universal context, whereas case studies focus on a particular research may be is lengthier and broader than case studies as experience, people, or group. it must narrate one's experiences from beginning to end.  Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand Ethics in Research Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and 9. Respect for Colleagues credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly. collaborative work. Research often involves a great deal of cooperation 10. Social Responsibility and coordination among people in different fields or Strive to promote social good and prevent or disciplines. mitigate social harms through research, public The important values include trust, accountability, education, and advocacy. mutual respect, and fairness. People are more likely to fund research studies that promote a variety of important moral and social 11. Non-Discrimination values such as social responsibility, human rights, Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students animal welfare, and health safety. based on sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not The following is a rough and general summary of related to scientific competence and integrity. some ethical principles that various codes address: 12. Competence 1. Honesty Maintain and improve your own professional Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. competence and expertise through lifelong Honestly report data, results, methods and education and learning; take steps to promote procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, competence in science. falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public. 13. Legality Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and 2. Objectivity governmental policies. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel 14. Animal Care decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other Show proper respect and care for animals when aspects of research where objectivity is expected or using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. or poorly designed animal experiments. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research. 15. Human Subjects Protection When conducting research on human subjects, 3. Integrity minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; Keep your promises and agreements; act with respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and special precautions with vulnerable populations; and action. strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly. 4. Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and Rights of Research Participants critically examine your own work and the work of 1. Voluntary Participation your peers. Keep good records of research Any person should not be coerced to participate in activities, such as data collection, research design, any research undertaking. Once voluntary and correspondence with agencies or journals. participation is violated, the participant may be subject to risk of harm. 5. Openness Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open 2. Informed Consent to criticism and new ideas. Prospective research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in 6. Transparency research. Their consent to participate must be Disclose methods, materials, assumptions, secured. analyses, and other information needed to evaluate The goal is for human volunteers to enter research your research. freely after giving full information about what it entails for them to participate in the study. Consent 7. Accountability must be secured before entering the research. Take responsibility for your part in research and be The researchers must inform the participants about prepared to give an account (i.e. an explanation or the research and must secure their signature as a justification) of what you did on a research project sign of their consent. and why. 3. Risk of Harm - Participants should be protected 8. Intellectual Property from physical, financial, or psychological harm. The Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of principle of non-maleficence states that it is the intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, researcher’s duty to avoid, prevent, or minimize methods, or results without permission. Give proper harm to the participants of the study. acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to Comes in two forms: physical, mental harm research. Never plagiarize.  Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand d. Availability and adequacy of facilities and 4. Confidentiality equipment Participants must be assured that their identity and Devices such as computers and telephones other personal information will not be made available used in undertaking the study must be to anyone who is not directly involved in the study. considered. 5. Anonymity e. Ethical considerations The participants must remain anonymous These include the avoidance of research throughout the study, even to the researchers problems that pose unethical demands on the themselves. part of the research participants. Research Title 2. Internal criteria a. Experience, training and qualifications of the A research title prefaces the study by providing the researcher main idea and is usually short and concise. Writing it These constitute the researcher’s knowledge may seem to be a simple task, but it actually and expertise as a result of experience and requires more consideration on the part of the study. researcher. A research title should have the following characteristics: b. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity and perceptiveness of the researcher 1. It should summarize the main idea of the paper. These are essential attitudes that bring 2. It should be a concise statement of the main anticipated satisfaction or enjoyment in the topic. completion of research tasks. 3. It should include the major variables of the research study. c. Time factor 4. It should be self-explanatory. This considers the fact that studies must be 5. It should describe or imply the participants of the pursued within a given time frame. study. d. Costs and returns Words to Avoid in the Title These factors matter in choosing a research problem. Research is an expensive undertaking. o Methods The amount of funding needed, after all, o Results depends on the size of the sample, the place o Investigations where the research is to be conducted, the treatment of data, and the kind of research design. Research Problem e. Hazards, Penalties, and Handicaps The research problem states the area of concern of These depend upon the researcher’s physical the research paper whether it is a circumstance and intellectual capacity and moral judgment. needing development, a difficulty requiring attention, or an inquiry necessitating an answer. Statement of the Problem (SOP) Consideration in Formulating the Research Problem 1. External Criteria It refers to the purpose of researching the topic. a. Novelty In the book Principles of Qualitative Research: This refers to the practical value of the problem Designing a Qualitative Study, Creswell and Clark due its “newness” in the field of inquiry. (2014) provide the following criteria in writing the purpose statement: b. Availability of subjects This refers to the people with the desired o It should use single and not compound capability and willingness to participate in the sentences. o It should clearly express the purpose of the study. The sample of the study participants must study. be representative enough to ensure reliability o It should include the central phenomenon. and validity of the results. o It should use qualitative words, e.g., explore, discover, and explain. c. Support of the academic community o It should identify the participants in the This refers to the assistance given by the study. members of the institution, like the principal, o It should state the research site. teachers, staff, students, and the parents, in the gathering of data and defraying the cost of the Sample pattern: study.  Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand The purpose of this (narrative, to have a mandatory review before taking phenomenological, grounded theory, case) is to the National Assessment Exam? (understand, describe, develop, discover) the (central phenomenon) of the (participants) at (the site). At this b. Researchable questions stage in research, the (central phenomenon) will be These are questions of opinions, perceptions, or generally defined as (a general definition of the central policy that are raised to accumulate a variety of concept). data. Formulating a clear, significant question prepares the researcher for subsequent Example: decision-making on research design, data The purpose of this phenomenological study is collection, and data analysis. to understand the cancel culture circulating around Examples: social media based on the opinions of Grade 12 TVL o What are the common preparations done by students at Holy Angel University. At this stage in the Grade 7 students during their first days in research, cancel culture will be generally defined as a school? means of holding someone or a group of people o How do senior high school students respond responsible for a previous wrongdoing (Campos & B, to their Mathematics teacher? 2022). o What are study habits of students who are poorly performing? Specific Statement of the Problem (SSOP) Types of Research Questions The general problem is followed by an enumeration of the specific problems (also called research According to Creswell and Clark (2014), there are questions). These problems are usually stated as two types of research questions. These are as questions that the researcher seeks to answer. follows: Therefore, the specific problems must meet the following criteria: a. Central questions o They must be in question form. These are the most general questions that can o They must define the population and the be asked. samples of the study (participants). o They must identify the variables being b. Sub-central questions studied. These questions subdivide the central question into more specific topical questions and are only Cresswell and Clark (2014) also provide some limited in number. guidelines in formulating the research question: o The question begins with words such as Background of the Study (BOTS) “how” or “what”. o The readers should be informed of the It is the rationalization and justification of the need to information that will be discovered, research the problem. generated, explored, identified, or described It asks the question, “Is it a (research) problem in the study. worldwide and locally? o The question “What happened?” should be It comes from a global perspective to a local asked to help craft the description, perspective. o The question “What was the meaning to the It is a clarification of the important technologies for people of what happened?” should be asked the reader to easily understand what the research is to understand the results. about. o The question ‘What happened over time?” It is the establishment of the degree of seriousness should be asked to explore the process. 6of the problem which prompted the researcher to look for solutions. Research questions can be classified into two: It discusses in depth about the topic, whereas the a. Non-researchable questions introduction only gives an overview. The introduction These are questions of value and are should end with your research questions, aims, and answerable by yes or no. objectives, whereas your background should not. Examples: The first section of the paper establishes the context o Should all mothers breastfeed their babies? underlying the research. It contains the rationale, the o Should all high school students be watchful key problem statement, and a brief overview of over their Grade 7 students? research questions that are addressed in the rest of o Should the schools offering different majors the paper. in senior high schools require their students Parts of the Background of the Study 6 To effectively establish the degree of seriousness of the problem, look for related literature that gives quantitative data that the problem exists, such as “90% of students…”  Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand a. Rational - reasons for choosing a topic. It b. Dependent variable includes narration from local and global It receives the treatment of the dependent perspectives. variable, and the effect of the cause. b. Setting - Geographic boundaries and It is what you want to use the model to explain demographics characteristics of research. What or predict. The values of this variable depend is the background of the participants? on other variables. It is the outcome that c. Basic Literature Foundation - for clarity of you’re studying. It’s also known as the terms and variables. A collection of published response variable, outcome variable, and left- information/materials on a particular area of hand variable. research or topic, Examples: d. Seriousness of the problem - it uses statistics a. The (IV) computer-aided teaching as evidence. The intensity and magnitude of the instruction on (DV) student’s performance problem. b. The relation of (IV) length study period on e. General Objective - the main focus and goals the (DV) grades of students of a research study. It is mostly located at general statement of the problem. 2. Mutually Exclusive f. Overall Purpose- Fully aware of the Participants cannot possess two attributes. A implications of your own research and it includes statistical term describing two or more events the main purpose or reason why you are that cannot happen simultaneously. conducting this study. Example: A person cannot be both male and female. Scope and Delimitation (SD) 3. Exhaustive Considering all the possible attributes of a Scope certain variable. If you describe a study, search, It is the selection of variables. It refers to the or list as exhaustive, you mean that it is very boundaries and extent of a study, defining its thorough and complete. specific objectives, target population, variables, There are a variety of answers; exhausts all methods, and limitations, which helps researchers answers to answer a question. focus and provide a clear understanding of what will be investigated. Kinds of Variables Delimitation a. Continuous Variable It describes the various limitations that arose during It has no absolute value and often has a the design and conduct of the study. decimal. It also refers to the specific boundaries or limitations It can take on an unlimited number of values that are set in a research study in order to narrow its between the lowest and highest points of scope and focus. Delimitations may be related to a measurement. variety of factors, including the population being Continuous data are very desirable in inferential studied, the geographical location, the time period, statistics; however, they tend to be less useful in the research design, and the methods or tools being data mining and are frequently recoded into used to collect data. discrete data or sets, which are described next. Examples: age, weight, speed, distance Variables It refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon b. Discrete Variables that you are trying to measure in some way. It is a type of variable in statistics that can only take on a finite or countable infinite set of Characteristics of Variables values. It is often expressed in whole numbers, 1. Dependence In other words, the variable can only take on It refers to the cause-and-effect relationship of certain specific values and not any values within variables. a range. Examples: income, number of children, years of a. Independent variable employment It can stand alone. It is the treatment, and the cause of an effect. c. Categorical Variables These variables are the ones that you include It is a type of variable used in statistics and in the model to explain or predict changes in research, which represents data that can be the dependent variable. The name helps you divided into categories or groups based on understand their role in statistical analysis. specific characteristics. These categories are These variables are independent. In this often non-numerical and are used to represent context, independence indicates that they qualitative data, descriptive terms. stand alone and other variables in the model Examples: civil status, educational achievement do not influence them. The researchers are not seeking to understand what causes the independent variables to change.  Practical Research 1 (PracRes 1) st 1 Quarterly Examinations 1st Semester, S.Y. 2023 – 2024 Grade 12 | TVL – Information and Transcribed by: Aerith Claude Catap Lecturer: Ms. Angelyn T. Laus Communication Technology Strand Also called a research paradigm, a conceptual Significance of the Study framework presents visually summarized diagram of the whole study. It refers to the contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a research field. The significance also IPO Model signals who benefits from the research findings and a. Input - a factor or a major variable that causes a how. problem. It also refers to the importance or relevance of the b. Process - phenomenon research question, problem, or objective that the c. Output - outcome of the study study aims to address. It explains why research is valuable, relevant, and important to the academic or scientific community, policymakers, or society at large. Research Gap It is a question or a problem that has not been answered by any of the existing studies or research within your field. Sometimes, a research gap exists when there is a concept or new idea that hasn't been studied at all. Research Framework Framework A framework is a structure that forms a support or frame for something. Research Frameworks In the context of research, frameworks serve as the building blocks for the foundation of the study. It makes the research more critical and credible. A. Theoretical Framework A theoretical framework is formulated from existing theories to serve as the foundation of the study. Search for one theory that is applicable to the study and write up about it. Developing a Theoretical Framework A theoretical framework prefaces new knowledge introduced in the research by validating or challenging theoretical assumptions so as to provide readers with a better understanding of the study. A theoretical framework is considered well- written when it is fitting and can be appropriately related to the study. Elements of a Theory a. Proponents of the Theory b. Name of the Theory c. Theoretical Statement (Principle) Is the hypothesis of the theory. It is always shorter than the theoretical explanation. It always precedes theoretical explanation. d. Theoretical Explanation (Elaboration) e. Relationship of the theory to the present study Justifies the relationship and applicability of the theory in the study. B. Conceptual Framework A conceptual framework (also called as research paradigm) is a combination of theories which are synthesized together to formulate a new one. Developing a Conceptual Framework