WEEK 1: Qualitative Research PDF

1st Quarter WEEK 1: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES After this lesson, the students must be able to: inculcate the value of quantitative research and of research in general in arriving at relevant and evidence-based decisions; identify situations in their daily...

1st Quarter WEEK 1: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES After this lesson, the students must be able to: inculcate the value of quantitative research and of research in general in arriving at relevant and evidence-based decisions; identify situations in their daily living on how they can concretely apply what they have learned in research; and encourage other learners and other people to also embrace the culture of research. RESEARCH 27% 70% 52% WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem. WHAT IS RESEARCH? It starts with a problem; followed by collection of data and analysis of facts, which are critical and reaching decisions based on actual observations. It ends with a problem. (Abdullah, 2019) WHAT IS RESEARCH? It involves original work instead of a mere exercise of personal opinion. WHAT IS RESEARCH? It involves genuine desire to know rather than a desire to prove something, seeking to know not only what but how much, and measurement is, therefore, a central feature of it. (Baraceros, 2019) (Sexon, 2011) PURPOSES OF RESEARCH For the quality of life to progress. Doing research can improve quality of life. Through research new things are being discovered that could help or community develop in different fields. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH To provide solutions to problems. Research exists because of problems and its role is to provide solutions that could solve these problems. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH To provide solutions to problems. By following a systematic process, problems can be solved properly through the help accurate data gathered from the research conducted. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH For scientific and technological advancement of the new millennium. As our world progresses, research can discover new things. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH For scientific and technological advancement of the new millennium. With regards to science and technology, changes or development that happened in these fields were commonly from research.  In PR1, you’ve learned about the purpose of qualitative research, its approach, the various theories surrounding it and other parameters or considerations in its conduct. In this new subject, you will also be led to those considerations except that now you will have to deal with a completely different method – quantitative. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative research is the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect (Sukamolson, 2007). QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Creswell (1994) defines quantitative research as a type of research that is explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (BHASIN, 2019) LARGE SAMPLE SIZE The first and foremost characteristic of quantitative research is the large sample size to conduct research. Quantitative research is done on a large number of audiences to ensure reliability. STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS Structural research methods like questionnaires, polls, and surveys are used to conduct quantitative research. In-depth information about the preferences of the audience can be drawn using these structured research methods. STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS Moreover, with the help of the Internet and social media, it is effortless to reach the vast population irrespective of geographical boundaries. You can pay to run your Survey ad on various social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, etc. and can collect the opinion of a large population. STRUCTURED RESEARCH METHODS In addition to this, these research methods are easy to conduct through offline means. Also, a respondent is only required to fill out the questionnaire and is not required to be part of the research process for a long time. HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME The outcome of quantitative research methods is quite reliable, as respondents of the research face close-ended questions. Therefore, there are fewer chances of getting vague information or wrong information from the respondents. HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME Quantitative research methods are usually used for industrial research purposes because of its reliability. Moreover, the outcome of quantitative research is easy to understand and explain. HIGHLY RELIABLE OUTCOME The researchers present the outcome of the research to get the approval of the management, and management can understand this information quickly because it is represented in the form of tables and graphs. REUSABLE OUTCOME Another characteristic of quantitative research is that the outcome of quantitative research can be used multiple times. Data collected for one research purpose can be used for the prior study of another research problem. REUSABLE OUTCOME Sometimes, researchers make the use of the outcome of research for similar research problems, which reduces the expense and time required for conducting research. For example, if you have researched how much money a man will be willing to pay to buy an electronic gadget. REUSABLE OUTCOME You can use the output of the previous study to get a reliable answer to the research problem of how much a man will be willing to pay to buy an earphone. In this way, the outcome of the previous research problem is used to support the output of new but related research problems. CLOSE – ENDED QUESTIONS Another characteristic of quantitative research is close-ended questions. Close- ended question’s answers are more specific and right to the question than the open- ended questions. CLOSE – ENDED QUESTIONS Responses to open-ended questions are more detailed and scattered, and it requires real skills to pick out the answers that you need. Moreover, responses to Close-ended questions are more reliable than the answers to questions of open-ended questions. CLOSE – ENDED QUESTIONS In addition to this, people also prefer to answer close-ended questions than open-ended questions for various reasons. NUMERICAL OUTCOME The outcome of quantitative research is always in numerical form. For example, the result of research can be represented in percentage, range of numbers. NUMERICAL OUTCOME A numerical output is easy to read and understand, and it is easier to deduce a conclusion from the numerical outcome than a detailed result. GENERALIZATION OF OUTCOME The outcome of quantitative research can be generalized easily for the whole population. The reason behind this is that quantitative research is conducted on a large sample of the population. A decision can be taken for the entire population based on the outcome of the sample population. PRIOR STUDY The outcome of quantitative research can be used for a previous study of another research. Many scholars and researchers’ study and analyze the outcome of previous research to establish their research hypothesis or research problem. PRIOR STUDY The results of quantitative research are more reliable than qualitative research and can be used easily to deduce conclusions. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (Babbie, 2010; Brians, et al., 2011; McNabb, 2008; Singh, 2007) STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results;  Allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH …In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability; STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Applying well-established standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies;  You can summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time; and, STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  You can summarize vast sources of information and make comparisons across categories and over time; and,  Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a 'distance' from participating subjects and using accepted computational techniques. LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative data is more efficient and able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail;  Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible process of discovery; LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  The development of standard questions by researchers can lead to "structural bias" and false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of the researcher instead of the participating subject; LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation;  Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation;  Researcher may collect a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset; LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  Results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative and generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception;  The research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of control can be applied to the exercise. LIMITATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH  This level of control might not normally be in place in the real world thus yielding "laboratory results" as opposed to "real world results"; and,  Preset answers will not necessarily reflect how people really feel about a subject and, in some cases, might just be the closest match to the preconceived hypothesis.  KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE CORRELATION 01 RESEARCH 04 AL RESEARCH EVALUATION CAUSAL- 02 RESEARCH 05 COMPARATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY EXPERIMENTAL 03 RESEARCH 06 RESEARCH KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE It seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to provide systematic information about a phenomenon. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE McCombes (2019) wrote that a descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE It can answer what, when, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. To determine cause and effect, experimental research is required. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate one or more variables. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE Unlike in experimental research, the researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes and measures them. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE The researcher does not usually begin with a hypothesis but is likely to develop one after collecting data. The analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the hypothesis. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE Systematic collection of information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful measurement of each variable. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE Ex: A Survey on the Filipino’s Acceptance of the K to 12 Curriculum, SWS June 2011 – March 2012 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION Bhat (n.d) stated that an evaluation research, also known as program evaluation, refers to research purpose instead of a specific method. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION Evaluation research is the systematic assessment of the worth or merit of time, money, effort and resources spent in order to achieve a goal. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION Evaluation research is closely related to but slightly different from more conventional social research. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION It uses many of the same methods used in traditional social research, but because it takes place within an organizational context. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION It requires team skills, interpersonal skills, management skills, political smartness, and other skills that social research does not need much. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION Evaluation research also requires one to keep in mind the interests of the stakeholders. Evaluation research is a type of applied research, and so it is intended to have some real-world effect. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION Many methods like surveys and experiments can be used to do evaluation research. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION The process of evaluation research consisting of data analysis and reporting is a rigorous, systematic process that involves collecting data about organizations, processes, projects, services, and/or resources. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EVALUATION Evaluation research enhances knowledge and decision-making, and leads to practical applications. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY It uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision. It allows researchers to judge behavior and then present the findings in an accurate way. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY This is usually expressed in a percentage. Survey research can be conducted around one group specifically or used to compare several groups. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY When conducting survey research it is important that the people questioned are sampled at random. This allows for more accurate findings across a greater spectrum of respondents. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY It is very important when conducting survey research that you work with statisticians and field service agents who are reputable. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY Since there is a high level of personal interaction in survey scenarios as well as a greater chance for unexpected circumstances to occur, it is possible for the data to be affected. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY This can heavily influence the outcome of the survey. There are several ways to conduct survey research. They can be done in person, over the phone, or through mail or email. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SURVEY In the last instance they can be self- administered. When conducted on a single group survey research is its own category. However, survey research can be applied to the other types of research listed below. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL It attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. In this type of design, relationships between and among a number of facts are sought and interpreted. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL This type of research will recognize trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for these observed patterns. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Cause and effect is not the basis of this type of observational research. The data, relationships, and distributions of variables are studied only. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Variables are not manipulated; they are only identified and are studied as they occur in natural setting. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL It is conducted in order to explain a noticed occurrence. In correlational research the survey is conducted on a minimum of two groups. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL In most correlational research there is a level of manipulation involved with the specific variables being researched. Remember, correlation does not always mean causation. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL For example, just because two data points sync doesn’t mean that there is a direct cause and effect relationship. Typically, you should not make assumptions from correlational research alone. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CORRELATIONAL Ex: The Relationship between the Mind set of Grade 12 ABM Students and their Academic Performance in Fundamentals of Accounting and Business Management. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL This research attempts to establish cause and effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL An independent variable is identified but not manipulated by the experimenter, and effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are measured. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL It tries to identify how the different groups are affected by the same circumstance. Causal-comparative research involves ‘comparison.’ KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL In causal-comparative research the study of two or more groups is done without focusing on their relationship. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL As always, the use of statistical analysis is engaged to synthesize the data in a clear method for presentation. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing groups. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL Identified control groups exposed to the treatment variable are studied and compared to groups who are not. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE/QUASI- EXPERIMENTAL Ex: The Effects of Multi-vitamins on Students’ Absenteeism KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL It is often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause- effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL The true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the case; a laboratory setting has nothing to do with it KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL A true experiment is any study where an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring groups. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL Though questions may be posed in the other forms of research, experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis. Sometimes experimental research can have several hypotheses. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL A hypothesis is a statement to be proven or disproved. Once that statement is made experiments are begun to find out whether the statement is true or not. This type of research is the bedrock of most sciences, in particular the natural sciences. KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL Ex: The Effects of Positive Reinforcements on Attitudes towards School The Effect of New Treatment Plan on Breast Cancer ? ? ? ? What is the importance of quantitative research across fields?  IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS Education Quantitative research can be used in measuring the level of performance of students as well as the teachers.  IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS Business Quantitative research can be used to improve the overall marketing strategy; help the company improve product development.  IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS Science and Technology Used during experiment on new devices, inventions, discoveries, and innovations, the recorded data are very vital for any test of efficiency.  IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS Medical and health It yields statistics that can help improve the rate of recovery of patients with illnesses and sicknesses, and the efficacy of medicines and drugs, among others.  REASONS WHY QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT o More reliable and objective o Can use statistics to generalize a finding o Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables o Looks at relationships between variables and can establish cause and effect in highly controlled circumstances.  REASONS WHY QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT o Tests theories or hypothesis. o Assumes sample is representative of the population. o Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is recognized less. o Less detailed than qualitative data and may miss a desired response from the participant. REFERENCES Abdullah, S. N. (2019). Qualitative Research for Senior High School Students. Retrieved June 21, 2020, from Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/40867036/Qualitative_Research_for_Senior_High_School_Students Agacinte, M. V. (n.d.). Chapter 1 Lesson 1 Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, Kinds of Quantitative Research. Retrieved July 1, 2020, from Academia: https://www.academia.edu/35969852/Chapter_1_Lesson_1_Characteristics_Strengths_Weaknesses_Kinds_of_Quantitative_ Research Sexon, D. (2011, 24 August). Research (kinds, characteristics and purposes). Retrieved July 8, 2020, from Slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/draizelle_sexon/research-kinds-characteristics-and-purposes https://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/lill/fdmvco/module9/page_45.htm: (https://blog.udemy.com/types-of-quantitative-research/) https://blog.udemy.com/types-of-quantitative-research/