Practical Research 1 PDF

NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH trends; helping in the development of strategies across Inquiry becomes part of the research various fields RESEARCH Importance Process of careful, systemat...

NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH trends; helping in the development of strategies across Inquiry becomes part of the research various fields RESEARCH Importance Process of careful, systematic, patient study and Fosters Optimum Care for Life: Drives advancements inquiry in some field of knowledge, undertaken in medicine, technology, and social sciences to establish facts or principles Validate and Justify Facts and Information: Building Involves critical reading and writing skills to trust and ensuring that knowledge is accurate and bring into your paper the words, ideas, and applicable theories of others; often experts in that field Aids in Planning and Decision-making: Provides - Relevance and credibility insights and enhancing the likelihood of success - Resolving gaps from previous research Improves the Quality of Life: Addresses challenges and Kerlinger: Systematic, controlled, empirical, creates opportunities for growth and development and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE among natural phenomena Similarities Treece: Systematic collection and interpretation 1. Involves investigation and inquiry of data to illuminate, describe, or explain new 2. Enhances our understanding on like issues and facts and relationships solving real-life problems Results of a thinking process that involves 3. Begins with identifying a problem and leads to students in questioning techniques or models discover new ones Researches a problem or phenomenon 4. Utilizes textual analysis & interpretation of data Links ideas to formulate your own conclusions 5. Employs both inductive and deductive methods Hypothesis (quantitative) = Assumption for data presentation (qualitative) Phenomenon: occurrence bound to happen Differences Highlighting your own subject to make it unique - Correlates: Quantitative and your own - Unstructured doesnt mean unprepared; listen to the answers and build up from that Etymology > Old French “recerchier” Qualitative Quantitative Re - Again, anew or over again Search - Examining closely and carefully, testing, trying, Objective It explores new It tests a theory probing, or studying thoroughly ideas and and measures understands issues using Purposes individual ratings and experiences scales Describes Phenomenons: Identifies the characters, patterns, and trends; helping others to understand what it Data Is based on natural Based on is and how it occurs Description settings. It uses measurements, Explores a Phenomenon: Investigates new or emerging words, images, and numbers, tools, areas of study to generate initial insights, hypotheses, or narratives and calculations theories, paving the way for more in-depth studies Sample Small, judgement Large; Explains a Prevailing Situation: Uncovers an (size) based samples representative underlying reason or cause to clarify why things happen samples as they do, leading to a deeper understanding of the phenomenon Data Flexible Structured Predicts and Controls Actions and Reactions: Gathering (unstructured) - methods interviews, (oneway Anticipates future outcomes based on current data and open-ended questions) –  particular phenomenon by capturing the essence of their questions surveys, →allows closed-ended lived experiences and how they make sens of their world participants to questions →experiences elaborate and Ethnography: Observes, describes, documents, and converse analyzes cultural beliefs, practices, and customs of a cultural group through participant observation, Activities Starts with Starts with interviews, and photographs. It minimizes researcher observations, builds hypothesis; tests bias, uses little to not statistics, and emphasizes theories as research existing theories descriptive records and documents progresses from various →cultural angles Content/Discourse Analysis: Studies and evaluates Data Based on opinions Based on laws, social life by narratively analyzing modes of Presentatio or observations rules, or communication such as the content and the languages of n established documents, letters, periodicals, report, other materials, principles and other verbal and nonverbal interactions →analyzing communication materials Data Thematic; Statistical; Analysis influenced by the follows standard Grounded Theory: Discovers a new theory thst i researcher’s views criteria grounded in data collected during the research process. Rather than starting with an assumption, the researcher Outcome Promotes deep Supports collects and analyzes data, allowing patterns, themes, understanding; high developments; and concepts to emerge organically validity high →analyzing data first and letting concepts emerge from replicability thst Qualitative Research RESEARCH ETHICS - Promotes deep, holistic understanding of a Ethics particular phenomenon - Process of applying moral standards and - In-depth exploration of human experiences, principles emphasizing the context or situation in an - Honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, individual’s life openness, respect for interllectual property, - Interpreting data from words and trustworthiness, and social and legal visuals—pictures, videos, drawings, or graphs, responsibility to capture people’s perspectives - Data collection is active an dynamic; it often History requires adapting interview questions to gather Desire to protect human subjects involved in biomedical diverse information in natural settings research - Offers various approaches and methods; allowing flexibility in planning the study Nuremberg Code: Segment of the Nuremberg Trials, - Includes internal analysis; focusing on the Doctor’s Trial, for Nazi war criminals paved rhe way for subjects’ internal traits when examining data the creation of ethical guideliness for research Helsinki Declaration (World Medical Association): Qualitative Research Designs Was developed after the success of the Nuremberg Case Study: Written over a long period as it studies a Guidelines and has been updating since 1964 person or investigate a current phenomenon Historical Analysis: Examines past events to draw Belmont Report - 1979 conclusions and make predictions 1. Ethical principles for research with human Phenomenology: Focuses on understanding and subjects describing how individuals perceive and experience a 2. Boundaries with medical practice and research  3. Concepts of respect for people, beneficence, and Plagiarism: Passing off somebody else’s ideas, thoughts, justice pictures, theories, words, or stories as your own. Is a 4. Applications of these principles in informed crime punishable by law consent (respect for persons), assessing risks and Direct, Accidental, Mosaic, & Self Plagiarism benefits (beneficience), and subject selection (justice) Animal Welfare and Animal Rights Animal Welfare: Total well-being of animals →allows interference with humans; still utilizing them but not in a cruel way Animal Rights: Assumes that animals think and feel, protecting the interest of the animal →not making use of them entirely Respect for Persons Right to Voluntary Participation: Subjects are free to choose to participate without force Right to Informed Consent: Subjects understand what participation entails Right to be Protected from Harm: Researcher’s responsibility to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm to others Right to Confidentiality: Non-disclosure of participants’s identity, personal information, responses, etc. - →there should be s recorded consent (signature) →knowing who your participants are but not disclosing any information Right to Anonymity: Non-collection of personally identifying information can be collected and disclosed without permission and consent →not knowing who your participants are at all Research Misconduct Fabrication: Making up data or results and recording or reporting them →was never originally there Falsification: Manipulating or omitting research materials, equipment, processes, data, or results in a way the research is not accurately represented in the research record →modifying and excluding Non-Publication of Data: Deliberate elimination of data from a study because they do not support the desired outcome Faulty Data-Gathering Procedures: Errors in measurement or instrument use due to negligence and carelessness of the researchers