PPT Slides: Attention & Memory, Decision Making, Critical & Creative Thinking - Psych 172

PSYCH 172 - ADOLESCENT PSYCH Attention & Memory, DATE Decision making, September Critical thinking, and 27 2024 Creative thinking...

PSYCH 172 - ADOLESCENT PSYCH Attention & Memory, DATE Decision making, September Critical thinking, and 27 2024 Creative thinking Group 3 Presentation Hablado, Padilla, Quisquino, Sarmiento, Siocon  Attention Decision making Outline Critical thinking Creative thinking Conclusion Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Attention Conclusion Attention - is the concentration of a mental activity (Santrock, 2021). actively process a small portion of the vast amount of information that is available through our senses, our stored memories, and other cognitive processes (De Weerd, 2003). Example of Attention Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Selective Attention Conclusion Different ways we allocate out attention: 1. Selective Attention - we focus on a specific aspect of our surroundings or our Note: There are 4 ways we allocate our attention! own experience that is only relevant. 2. Divided Attention - involves multitasking or alternating attention between two or more things at the same time instead of Example of Divided Attention dividing your attention. Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Sustained Attention Conclusion Different ways we allocate out attention: 3. Sustained Attention - the ability to maintain attention on an object or event for Note: There are 4 ways we a prolonged period of time. allocate our attention! a.k.a. Concentration 4. Executive Attention - it involves planning actions, allocating attention to Example of Executive Attention goals, detecting and compensating for errors. Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Memory Conclusion Memory - is the concentration of a mental activity (Santrock, 2021). Every step that adolescents and emerging adults take, each thought they think, and each word they utter are all influenced by memory Example of Memory Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Short-term memory Conclusion Three Important Memory System 1. Short-term Memory - A limited-capacity memory system that can hold information for around 30 seconds unless it’s rehearsed or being repeated multiple times. often assessed using memory span tasks Memory Span Task improves significantly in early childhood. Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Working-term memory Conclusion Three Important Memory System 2. Working-term Memory - a more active form of memory that is used to manipulate and assemble information. crucial for decision-making, problem- solving, and language comprehension. develops significantly from adolescence into adulthood. Example of Working-term memory Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Poor Working-term memory Conclusion Three Important Memory System 2. Working-term Memory - a more active form of memory that is used to manipulate and assemble information. poor working memory can lead to unsafe decisions (Thomas & et al., 2015). working-term memory training reduces Example of Teenagers & Working-term memory risk-taking when around peers (Rosenbaum & et al., 2017). Attention & Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Memory Example of Long-term memory Conclusion Three Important Memory System 3. Long-term Memory - a relatively permanent memory system that can store information for a long time. develops substantially during middle and late childhood. Contingent on learning activities Example of Long-term memory (Pressley & Hilden, 2006). Attention & Decision making Memory Decision making Critical thinking Adolescence brings a greater capacity for Creative thinking abstract, probabilistic, systematic, and counterfactual reasoning and all these abilities Conclusion are relevant with decision-making. Schaie & Willis’s Lifespan Model of Cognitive Development (2010) : people’s intellectual development progresses according to evolvement in their own values and experiences. Attention & Decision making Memory Decision making Critical thinking process of making logical decisions based on a Creative thinking comprehension of the problem and knowledge of various solutions (Mahaputra, 2022). Conclusion Dynamic process impacted by interconnected forces (Houraghan, 2021): 1. Psychological Research progressively proves that emotion plays a major role in the process of irrational decision- making (Hastie, 2001). Adolescents are more vulnerable to emotional influences Attention & Decision making Memory Decision making Critical thinking process of making logical decisions based on a Creative thinking comprehension of the problem and knowledge of various solutions (Mahaputra, 2022). Conclusion Dynamic process impacted by interconnected forces (Houraghan, 2021): 2. Social presence of peers in risk-taking situations can dramatically increase the likelihood of adolescents engaging in risky behaviors ( Albet & Steinberg, 2011). Attention & Decision making Memory Decision making Critical thinking process of making logical decisions based on a Creative thinking comprehension of the problem and knowledge of various solutions (Mahaputra, 2022). Conclusion Dynamic process impacted by interconnected forces (Houraghan, 2021): 3. Personal a.k.a.stress level influences particularly on how individuals assess the risks that go along with their decisions. Attention & Decision making Memory Decision making Critical thinking process of making logical decisions based on a Creative thinking comprehension of the problem and knowledge of various solutions (Mahaputra, 2022). Conclusion Fuzzy-Trace Theory A thorough, dual-process model of memory, logic, judgment, and making choices through fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) has been used to examine how people of all ages make risky judgments (Reyna, 2004). It suggests that two cognitive systems—verbatim memory and gist-based intuition—have an impact on how decisions are made. Attention & Memory Decision making Thinking reflectively and Critical productively, and evaluating the Critical thinking evidence (Bonney & Sternberg, thinking Creative thinking 2017; Halpern & Butler, 2018). Conclusion 4th Dimension Thinking critically includes asking not only what happened, but how and why (Santrock, 2018). Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Critical Mindfulness thinking Creative thinking Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday Conclusion activities and tasks (Ellen Langer, 2005). Adolescents and emerging adults who are not mindful are entrapped in old ideas, engage in 4th Dimension automatic behavior, and operate from a single perspective. Mindfulness training improves adolescents’ attention self-regulation. Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Critical Development Changes thinking Creative thinking adolescence is an important transitional period in the development of critical thinking (Keating, 1990). Conclusion Solid base of fundamental skills developed during childhood is needed to develop at least adequate 4th Dimension critical thinking skills in adolescence. Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Critical Development Change thinking Creative thinking Among the cognitive changes that facilitate improvement of critical thinking skills during adolescence are the following: Conclusion 1. Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity of information processing, which free cognitive resources for other purposes 2. Greater breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains. 4th Dimension 3. Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge 4. A greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies and procedures for obtaining and applying knowledge, such as planning, considering the alternatives, and cognitive monitoring Attention & Memory Decision making Critical Schools Critical thinking Directed to teach critical thinking (Booney & Sternberg, 2017). The curriculum of these institutions are flawed. thinking Creative thinking Sternberg’s Critical Thinking Skills Adolescents needs: 1. Recognizing that problems exist 2. Defining problems more clearly Conclusion 3. Handling problems with no single right answer or any clear criteria for the point at which the problem is solved (such as 4th Dimension selecting a rewarding career) 4. Making decisions on issues of personal relevance (such as deciding to have a risky operation) 5. Obtaining information 6. Thinking in groups 7. Developing long-term approaches for addressing long-term problems Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Critical thinking Creative thinking Schools Although it is true that schools play a crucial role in empowering Conclusion students to be embedded with these critical thinking skills, we have to remember that this task is not always really easy (Skobalj, 4th Dimension 2018, p. 1365). Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Creative thinking Conclusion 4th Dimension is the ability to think in novel ways and discover unique solutions to problems. is not the same thing as intelligence (Sternberg, 2018; Sternberg & Kaufman, 2018; Sternberg & Sternberg, 2017). Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Creative thinking Conclusion 4th Dimension J.P. Guillford’s (1967) TWO thinking distinctions: convergent thinking. A pattern of thinking in which individuals produce one correct answer; characteristic of the items on conventional intelligence tests. divergent thinking. A pattern of thinking in which individuals produce many answers to the same question; more characteristic of creativity than convergent thinking. Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Creative thinking Conclusion 4th Dimension Good Strategies for increasing adolescent’s creative-thinking skills: 1) Have adolescents engage in brainstorming. 2) Introduce adolescents to environments that stimulate creativity. 3) Don’t overcontrol. 4) Build adolescents’ confidence. Attention & Memory Decision making Critical thinking Creative thinking Creative thinking Conclusion 4th Dimension Good Strategies for increasing adolescent’s creative-thinking skills: 5) Encourage internal motivation. 6) Guide adolescents to be persistent and to delay gratification. 7) Encourage adolescents to take intellectual risks. 8) Introduce adolescents to creative people.  2 The interplay between attention and memory is essential for adolescent development. 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