Power and Authority PDF

POWER AND AUTHORITY JAY-AR A. MAPILIS Subject Teacher  OBJECTIVES/DESIRED LEARNING COMPETENCIES ❑ Differentiate power and authority ; ❑ Reflect on the influence of power and authority to people as social and political beings. ❑ Draw a symbol or icon that will togeth...

POWER AND AUTHORITY JAY-AR A. MAPILIS Subject Teacher  OBJECTIVES/DESIRED LEARNING COMPETENCIES ❑ Differentiate power and authority ; ❑ Reflect on the influence of power and authority to people as social and political beings. ❑ Draw a symbol or icon that will together represent power and authority; and What is Power? Power is the ability to... ▪ get someone to do something you want done. ▪ make things happen in the way you want. What is Power? The ability to influence the behavior of others with or without resistance WHAT IS POWER? An aspect of a relationship between 2 social actors where one actor “A” can induce or influence actor “B” to do something in line with A's preferences. Adapted from Robert Dahl Note: Power inures to position, not to individuals Enduring Understanding Power may derive from a number of sources, including... ▪ social class (material wealth can equal power) ▪ resource currency (material items such as money, property, food); ▪ position ▪ personal or group charisma ▪ social influence of tradition (compare ascribed power)  THEORIES OF POWER ❑ PLURALISM/PLURALIST ❑ POWER ELITE (ELITE THEORY) ❑ FEMINISM ❑ AUTONOMOUS STATE/STATE-CENTERED THEORIES  PLURALISM/PLURALIST THEORY OF POWER Power belongs to the people - power is diffused across the public. Pluralists societies contain the following elements: State Political Parties Individual Voters Pluralists societies contain the following elements: LAW – In pluralistic societies, this mirrors the authentic democratic will of the people THE STATE – the State constantly balances the weight of public opinions of pressure groups, hence, neutral. PRESSURE GROUPS – These refer to groups established to fight over a specific issue. INDIVIDUAL VOTERS THE POLITICAL PARTIES – they are commonly referred to as wide-ranging associations of interest groups, and in truth, appeal to wide ranges of opinions (Moore, 1997). POWER ELITE (ELITE THEORY) A type of power that is being controlled by a few people https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/917709/ marcos-administration-senate-slate-eleksyon-2025/story/?fbcli d=IwY2xjawE57eNleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHav3DYH9qH_pBXH lvD9NPvAmdLvkiq4JWc9GQQfAiVRea4wZtQNsrqd5xA_aem_ izmwQWR3uX0hm9KxczB5BA&mibextid=xfxF2i POWER ELITE (ELITE THEORY) True power structure consists of people well-positioned in three areas: 1. economy 2. government 3. the military Note:Those who occupy the strategic command positions in these institutions are powerful.  1. PLDT-SMART 2. MERALCO 1. Head of the State and 3. MAYNILAD Government 4. TV5 2. Commander in Chief of the 5. MAYA Philippines Armed Forces of the Philippines 6. Phil. Star Media Group ENDURING UNDERSTANDING NOTE: If the most powerful, the wealthiest, and the most famous individuals in the Philippines were to be separated from their institutional positions and were thereby deprived of the resources those positions dispose , they would become (a) politically powerless, (b) poor, and (c) unknown. FEMINISM Feminist theory begins with the idea that an understanding of power cannot be attained without a robust analysis of gender. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. FEMINISM It examines women's and men's social roles, experiences, interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, communication, media studies, FEMINISM Feminism postulates that the state is devoted primarily to men’s interests , and its actions tend to support gender inequality. Groups that exercise state power are predominantly male , and are structured by values that are culturally masculine How VAW Persists ❖ Victim-blaming ❖ “Masyado kasi siyang madaldal! Kung tumahimik na lang siya hindi ko siya masasaktan.” ❖ “Gusto niya rin yun nangyari. Kung ayaw niya talaga bakit hindi siya umalis?” ❖ “Mahilig kasi siya sa maikling damit kaya ayan, napagsamantalahan.” How VAW Persists ❖ Hiding the perpetrator ❖ “May problema akong malaki kaya uminom. Lasing lang ako kaya ko siya nasaktan.” ❖ “Pasalamat nga siya pinatulan ko pa siya. Matanda na siya at wala na magkakagusto sa kanya!” ❖ “Kawawa naman, iniwan kasi ng asawa kaya ayan na-rape niya ang anak niya. How VAW Persists ❖ Invoking the “natural order”of things ❖ “Normal lang na mag-away ang mag-asawa. Siyempre minsan kapag nagkainitan ng ulo nagkakasakitan.” ❖ “Dapat kasi wag masyadong sensitive. Biro lang naman yun mga sinabi ko, hindi yun harassment.” ❖ “Imposible yun sinasabi niya na na-rape siya. Alam naman ng lahat na prostitute siya.”  Personal Assessment Battery happens because women allow it  Women who experience violence but stay in the relationship for the sake of the children and harmony in the family should be left alone  Men should be superior to women because God is a MAN.  can A prostituted woman not be raped by a customer because it is her job and she receives money for it. If woman fights hard enough , rape will not happen. Family planning is solely a woman’s decision  Women should understand that men need extra marital affairs. There are women who deserve to be harassed  It is time for men to undergo vasectomy to help in family planning effort  buy It is ok for men to and patronize pornographic materials  Same sex relationships should have the same rights as to heterosexual relationships Violence against women is unfair because violence happens to men too.  ✔ Data from COMELEC shows that only 19% of candidates during the 2016 national and local elections were women. ✔ The percentage of women elected to office in the same election was slightly higher at 21%. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/politics/2022/3/31/filipino-women-leaders-cover-story.html AUTONOMOUS STATE/STATE-CENTERED THEORIES □ The state is largely treated as an independent, regulative, manipulative and active entity and an independent actor. □ The state is seen to be autonomous in initiating policies and turning its own policy preferences into authoritative actions.  MAJOR ISSUES ❑ Struggle for power ❑ Distribution of power: How fair? How equal? How effective? ❑ Balance of power ❑ Great power, superpower, hyperpower https://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=Awr1QYhZWbtmZmwEVJGzRwx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=politic s&fr2=piv-web&type=E211PH885G0&fr=mcafee#id=18&vid=b8e80a0db0d4e7b113f7820222639f16&action=view SOURCES OF POWER ACCORDING TO DAVID EASTON: 1. Force ▪ Physical Violence or the credible threat thereof (including incarceration) ▪ Not just angry or harsh words 2. Rewards ▪ Payment for good behavior 3. Legitimacy (authority) ▪ Established moral right to rule ▪ Moral obligation for followers to obey CONSEQUENCES Force ▪Quick compliance ▪Requires monitoring ▪Generates revolt and sabotage ▪Unstable by itself Rewards ▪Compliance without hostility ▪Costly, requires constant payoffs ▪Requires monitoring ▪Reward “inflation” ▪Bankruptcy Legitimacy (authority) ▪ Obedience without monitors ▪ Loyalty and respect ▪ Low cost to ruler ▪ Efficient and stable ▪ Abuse of power ▪ Followers become victims ▪ Corruption  SOURCES OF POWER REAL political groups use some combination of Force, Rewards, and Legitimacy Stable systems must have some element of Legitimacy/Authority Legitimacy/Authority , while effective and stable, must be controlled to avoid abuse SO, WHERE DOES POWER COME FROM, ULTIMATELY? ▪ Power is produced by social cooperation. Ultimately, it is a collective product. We create power by acting together. ▪ The problem is that this product is usually assumed by the few and used at the expense of, or downright against, the many.  WHAT IS AUTHORITY ? specific position power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience power of the leader to rule A person or organization having power or control in particular, typically in political or administrative sphere  PSHS-CVC SSD Chief Teachers  3 TYPES ACC. TO MAX WEBER 1. Legal-Rational 2. Traditional 3. Charismatic 3 TYPES ACC. TO MAX WEBER ⦿ Legal- Rational ✔ Modern ✔ Based on rules and procedures ✔ Bureaucracy  3 TYPES ACC. TO MAX WEBER ⦿ Traditional ✔ Old Europe ✔ Based on customs and the established ways of doing things. ✔ Inherited authority  3 TYPES ACC. TO MAX WEBER ⦿ Charismatic ✔ Special ✔ Stems from personality and thus breeds obedience among the people ✔ Based on individual leader’s special characteristics https://fb.watch/m_Pn1Ep8sN/?mibextid=Nif5oz  RATIONAL/ LEGAL AUTHORITY 1. Authority established through a process – Procedural Authority – Elections – Government Hiring Processes – Rules for decisions: Rules for a trial Rules and procedures to earn a degree Rules for law-making in Congress Rules for getting a marriage license, etc.  RATIONAL /LEGAL AUTHORITY 2. Relationships are specific and bounded – Limited to a context – Limited to a time – Limited within specific range of action  RATIONAL - LEGAL AUTHORITY 3. Strengths: – Predictable – Orderly – Transparent – All are equal – Relatively little chance for abuse – Protects subordinates’ rights RATIONAL /LEGAL AUTHORITY 4. Problems: – PSHS-CVC Ex. Slow PATALASANLAHI PARTICIPANTS – Rigid and inflexible 1.The adviser –willImpersonal make a proposal to be signed by the following, Acad. Head, Asst. CID Chief for SA, CID Chief, Accountant, Budget Officer, FAD–Chief, Processes Directormay overwhelm goals Stupid outcomes may result 2. The adviser will secure Quick aobvious travel order (through solutions the CD) from blocked the OED. RATIONAL LEGAL AUTHORITY ✔ Typical of modern, democratic governments ✔ Focuses on procedures more than outcomes ✔ Emphasizes equality ✔ Both protects and frustrates most citizens  TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY 1. Authority is inherited 2. Leaders are leaders because they are: – Divine right of Kings – Village elders – Inherited priesthood lineage (Old Testament) 3. Usually has patterns of inheritance 4. Stable transitions TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY 5. Authority is diffuse and unbounded – No particular limits, firmly established – No time frame limitations 6. Relationships are whole-person – Leader not limited to particular aspects of life – Leader may tread on “private” matters  TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY 7. Potential Strengths: – Stable and orderly – Flexibility, not bound by excessive rules – Generates strong positive associations – “Right” doesn’t get blocked by process or rules  TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY 8. Potential Problems – “Right” seen only from leader’s perspective – Fickle – No way to remove incompetent leaders – No room for exemplary talent to rise – Unlimited or unrestrained power leaves potential for abuse wide open – Little room for the “individual” CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY Followers believe leader to be infallible Leader can command ANYTHING – Violate traditional values? OK – Change everything, even beliefs? OK – Do things I used to consider evil? OK ❑ This is MORE than just a strong, dynamic leader. Weber’s CHARISMA Leader is super human Leader is the answer to major problems Leader demands MAJOR change and gets it Newspaper Charisma  REAL EXAMPLES: WEBER CHARISMA Mao Tzedong Jesus Christ Jim Jones Joseph Smith Moses Adolph Hitler NEWSPAPER CHARISMA BUT NOT WEBER’S CHARISMA John F Kennedy Barack Obama Oprah Winfrey Ronald Reagan  CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY Potential Strengths –Rapid change is possible –Old, corrupt systems can be overthrown –A new world is possible –May really solve major problems HUMAN NATURE AND POWER Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely… “We have learned by sad experience that it is the nature and disposition of almost all men, as soon as they get a little authority, as they suppose, they will immediately begin to exercise unrighteous dominion.” AMERICAN SOLUTION Divide power – 3 branches Check power with power – Create a balance where each, by seeking his own power checks the power of others Establish core rights and limits in the Constitution – Entrust enforcement of those limits to the self interest of balancing powers