Sociology Notes

 Bussiness Workshop Linear equation: (P-P1)=m(Q-Q1) M=(P2-P1)/(Q2-Q1) Example: We know that for a price of $80 pesos in retail stores we achieve a sales of UP to 15,000 units and if we reduce the price by 10% our price, the sales increased to 30,000 units. If we know t...

 Bussiness Workshop Linear equation: (P-P1)=m(Q-Q1) M=(P2-P1)/(Q2-Q1) Example: We know that for a price of $80 pesos in retail stores we achieve a sales of UP to 15,000 units and if we reduce the price by 10% our price, the sales increased to 30,000 units. If we know this, calculate the linear equation. P1 = 80, P2 = 72 m = P2-P1 / q2-q1 = (72-80) / 30,000 - 15900 Q = 15,000, Q2: 30,000 m= - 0.00053 (P- 80)(=-0.00053 (Q-15,000)) P=- 0. 00053 Q+87.95  Sociology Topic 1 Is the scientific study of human social behavior, relationships, and institutions within societies. It focus on the examination of how social structures influence individual behavior and interactions Key Aspects of Sociology 1.Social Inequality and Stratification 2.Social Institutions (family,education, religion, economy,politics) 3.Social Change and Development 4.Socialization and IdentityFormation 5.Deviance and Social Control 6.Globalization and SocialMovements Sociology Research Methods Surveys: Gathering quantitative data. Interviews: Collecting qualitative insights. Observations: Understanding behavior in natural settings. Goal: To understand, explain, and improve social phenomena. Living Within Society 1.-Develop Empathy: Respect others' perspectives and values. 2.-Communicate Effectively: Active listening and conflict resolution. 3.-Understand Social Norms: Cultural expectations and laws. 4.-Build Relationships: Strong connections with family and community. Skills for Living in Society Practice Cooperation: Collaboratetowards common goals. Embrace Diversity: Celebrate andpromote inclusivity. Develop Emotional Intelligence: Manage emotions and be aware ofothers. Stay Informed: Engage with news andsocial issues. Active Participation in Society Participate Actively: Volunteering, voting, and advocacy.  Reflect and Adapt: Continuous personal growth and learning. Purpose: Gather insights to address communityneeds and improve quality of life. Example of Surveys: Community Needs Assessment Resident Satisfaction Health and Wellness Education and Youth Environmental Concerns Community Engagement Demographic Housing and Transportation Conclusion Summary Sociology helps us understand and improve social behavior and institutions. Living in Society: Developing empathy, communication skills, and active participation is essential. Community Surveys: Valuable for understanding and addressing community needs Social Topic 2 Reality  These instruments help sociologists gather and analyze data to understand social phenomena, test theories, and develop new insights into human social behavior and reality. Social reality helps us understand society in several ways: 1. Shared meanings: Social reality reveals how people collectively create and share meanings, shaping our understanding of the world. 2. Institutional norms: It shows how social institutions (e.g., family, education, religion) shape our behaviors and expectations. 3. Power dynamics: Social reality exposes power relationships, revealing how social structures and institutions influence individual opportunities and experiences. 4. Cultural values: It highlights the cultural values and beliefs that shape social behavior and interactions. 5. Socialization: Social reality demonstrates how individuals learn and internalize social norms, values, and behaviors through socialization. 6. Contextual understanding: It provides context for understanding social phenomena, such as deviance, inequality, and social change. 7. Empathy and perspective-taking: By understanding social reality, we can better empathize with others and see things from their perspective. 8. Critical thinking: Examining social reality encourages critical thinking about social structures, institutions, and power relationships. 9. Social change: Understanding social reality can inspire efforts to challenge and change unjust or oppressive social conditions. 10. Human behavior: Social reality helps us comprehend why people behave in certain ways, making us more informed and effective in our personal and professional lives. By examining social reality, we gain a deeper understanding of how society shapes our experiences, perceptions, and interactions, ultimately enriching our knowledge of human social behavior. Topic 3 1. How do international economic, political and social phenomena impact national and regional reality? 2. What are the main techniques and methodologies used by Sociology to study social phenomena? 3. What is magical thinking? International economic, political, and social phenomena can significantly impact national and regional realities in various ways. Here are some examples: Economic: - Globalization: Internationaltrade and investment can create jobs and stimulate economic growth, but also lead to job losses and cultural homogenization. - Economic crisis: Global economic downturns can affect national economies, leading to recessions, unemployment, and reduced government revenue. - International trade agreements: Trade deals can open new markets, but also lead to trade disputes, protectionism, and economic instability. Political: - Global governance: International institutions like the UN, EU, and WTO can shape national policies, promote cooperation, and resolve conflicts. - Political ideologies: Global political trends, such as populism, nationalism, or socialism, can influence national politics and policy-making. - International conflicts: Wars, sanctions, and diplomatic tensions can impact national security, economies, and societies Social: - Migration and refugees: Global migration flows can bring cultural diversity, skills, and labor, but also pose challenges for integration, social cohesion, and public services. - Global health crisis: Pandemics like COVID-19 can spread rapidly across borders, affecting national healthcare systems, economies, and societies. - Social movements: Global social movements, such as climate activism or human rights campaigns, can inspire national and local activism, policy changes, and cultural shifts. These international phenomena can impact national and regional realities through various channels, including: - Economic interdependence - Political institutions and governance - Cultural exchange and diffusion - Migration and population movements - Global communication and media Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for developing effective policies, mitigating risks, and capitalizing on opportunities in an increasingly interconnected world. Sociologists also employ various theoretical perspectives, such as: 1. Structural functionalism 2. Conflict theory 3. Symbolic interactionism 4. Social constructionism 5. Feminist theory 6. Postcolonial theory These techniques and methodologies help sociologists to: 1. Identify patterns and trends 2. Understand social relationships and structures 3. Explain social phenomena 4. Develop and test theories 5. Inform social policy and practice By combining these approaches, sociologists can gain a deeper understanding of complex social phenomena and develop nuanced explanations of social behavior. Magical thinking is a cognitive bias that involves believing that one's thoughts, words, or actions can directly influence events or outcomes, even if there is no logical or causal connection between them. This thinking pattern is often characterized by: 1. Illogical cause-and-effect assumptions 2. Overestimation of personal control 3. Belief in supernatural or paranormal forces 4. Confusion of correlation with causation  Examples of magical thinking include: 1. Superstitions (e.g., believing that carrying a lucky charm can prevent bad luck) 2. Wishful thinking (e.g., believing that hoping for something will make it happen) 3. Rituals or routines believed to influence outcomes (e.g., wearing specific clothing for good luck) 4.. Assuming that one's thoughts or emotions can directly impact external events (e.g., believing that thinking positively will cause good things to happen) While magical thinking can provide comfort, motivation, or a sense of control, it can also lead to: 1. Irrational decision-making 2. Misattribution of causes and effects 3. Unhealthy coping mechanisms 4. Interference with evidence-based thinking and problem-solving Recognizing and understanding magical thinking can help individuals develop more realistic and effective ways of thinking and problem-solving. Procedures to analyze quantitative and qualitative information of a social nature Topic 4 Quantitative Analysis: 1. Descriptive Statistics: Calculate means, medians, modes, and standard deviations to summarize data. 2. Inferential Statistics: Use hypothesis testing and confidence intervals to make inferences about populations. 3. Regression Analysis: Examine relationships between variables. 4. Factor Analysis: Identify underlying factors influencing data. 5. Cluster Analysis: Group similar cases or variables. 6. Survey Research: Analyze survey data using statistical methods. 7. Content Analysis: Quantify text or image data. Qualitative Analysis: 1. Thematic Analysis: Identify and code themes in text or image data. 2. Content Analysis: Analyze text or image data for meaning and context. 3. Discourse Analysis: Examine language and communication patterns. 4. Phenomenology: Study lived experiences and meanings. 5. Grounded Theory: Develop theories from data. 6. Case Study Research: In-depth examination of a single case. 7. Focus Group Analysis: Analyze group discussions. Mixed Methods Analysis: 1. Triangulation: Combine quantitative and qualitative data. 2. Integration: Merge quantitative and qualitative findings. 3. Sequential Analysis: Conduct quantitative and qualitative phases sequentially. Social Network Analysis: 1. Network Visualization: Map relationships. 2. Centrality Measures: Identify key factors. 3. Community Detection: Identify subgroups. Text Analysis: 1. Sentiment Analysis: Analyze text sentiment. 2. Topic Modeling: Identify underlying topics. 3. Text Mining: Extract insights from large text datasets.