POULTRY NOTES.pdf

Host POULTRY NOTES - Infection of GIT PULLORUM DISEASE - Chickens, Turkey, Pheasants, Guinea Etiology: Salmonella pullorum...

Host POULTRY NOTES - Infection of GIT PULLORUM DISEASE - Chickens, Turkey, Pheasants, Guinea Etiology: Salmonella pullorum Fowl, Peafowl, Grouse and Quail - Seen in growers and adults - Gram Negative - Formerly known as Bacillary White Spread Diarrhea - Droppings Hosts - Ingestion of material in contaminated food - Chickens, turkeys, pheasants - Waterfowl are more resistant Clinical Signs Spread - Acute o Drop in food consumption and - Infected bird via the ovary to the newly egg production hatched chick o Ruffled feathers and closed - Persisting in the spleen until mature eyes (macrophages) - Chronic - Infection spreads through the o Intense anemia reproductive tract o Progressive loss of condition Clinical Signs Lesions - Excessive numbers of dead-in-shell - Septicemic, jaundiced appearance chicks - Prominent blood vessels - Extreme cases can lead to 100% - Dark and congested skeletal muscle mortality - Catarrhal enteritis - Subacute – lameness and swollen hock joints Lesions FOWL CHOLERA - Chicks that die shortly after hatching Etiology: Pasturella multicoda are likely to have peritonitis with an Host inflamed, unabsorbed yolk sac - Congested lungs - All types of poultry - Lover is dark and swollen with - Infects respiratory tract hemorrhages Spread - Excretions from the mouth, nose and FOWL THYPOID conjunctiva of diseased birds Etiology: Salmonella gallinarium (G-) Clinical Signs - Unexpected deaths  - Localized infection of joints, abscesses Spread of the head, oviduct and respiratory - Horizontal transmission tract Clinical Signs Lesions - Necrotic enteritis - General septicemic lesions o Increased mortality - Enlargement of liver and spleen - Cholangohepatitis - Congestion of carcass - Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages Lesions INFECTIOUS CORYZA - Necrotic enteritis o Pseudomembrane attached to Etiology: Avibacterium paragallinarium (G-) the intestinal mucosa, primarily Host the small intestine - Cholangohepatitis - Limited to chickens o Swollen and discolored bile - Chronic Respiratory Disease ducts Spread o Edematous, necrotic and discolored gall bladder - Transmitted by drinking water contaminated by nasal discharge MAREK’S DISEASE VIRUS - Airborne Etiology: Mareks’s Disease Virus, Herpersviridae - Direct Contact Host Clinical Signs - Domestic Chickens - Rapid spread - Rare in other species - High morbidity and low mortality - Seromucoid nasal and ocular discharge Spread - Facial edema - Direct or Indirect Contact - Conjunctivitis with closed eyes - Airborne Route - Swollen Wattles - Difficulty in breathing Clinical Signs Lesions - Classical Form o Partial or complete paralysis of - Catarrhal to fibrinopurulent the legs and wing inflammation of the nasal passages and - Acute Form infraorbital sinus and conjunctiva o Formation of lymphomas in the CLOSTRIDIA visceral organ - Acute Cytolytic Disease Etiology: Clostridium perfringens (G+) - Transient Paralysis Host Lesions - Infection of the GIT - Enlargement of one or more peripheral - Most common in broiler chickens nerves INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS Etiology: Gallid herpesvirus 1, Herpes viridae Etiology: Avian paramyxovirus Type 1 Host Host: 250 species of Birds - Viral Respiratory Disease Cause - Domestic fowl and occasionally - Viscerotropic Velogenic NDVs pheasants o Highly virulent form Spread o Hemorrhagic lesions in intestinal tract - Newly hatched chicks are free from - Neurotropic Velogenic NDVs infection o High mortality following - Aerosol or expectorant form respiratory and nervous signs - Enters bird in infective droplets or - Mesogenic NDVs mucus via the upper respiratory tract o Respiratory and sometimes and conjunctiva nervous signs with low Clinical Signs mortality - Lentogenic Respiratory NDVs - Acute o Mild or inapparent respiratory o Dyspnea infection - Mild - Asymptomatic Enteric NDVs o Moist rales o Inapparent enteric infection o Slight cough and head shaking o Nasal exudate Spread o Conjunctivitis - Bird to Bird Lesions - Respiratory Signs o Inhalation of droplets and - Peracute aerosols o Hemorrhagic tracheitis - Intestinal Signs - Acute o Contaminated feces in food or o Caseous diphtheric exudate, water mucus and hemorrhage in the - Humans trachea - Mild Clinical Signs o Excess mucus with or without - Highly Virulent small amounts of diphtheric o Sudden death exudate in trachea o Depression, prostation, diarrhea, edema of head, nervous signs o Soft shelled eggs - Moderately Virulent (Mesogenic) o Severe respiratory disease o Nervous signs - Low Virulence  o No disease INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS o Mild respiratory distress Etiology: Coronavirus Lesions Host - No pathognomonic lesions - Domestic fowl - Respiratory Disease o Inflammation of trachea Spread o Inflamed air sacs - Virulent Viscerotropic Viruses - Bird to bird o Hemorrhagic lesions of the - Direct airborne transmission intestinal tract (proventriculus) - Can spread also through feces - Highly Virulent Virus Clinical Signs o Necrotic lesions with hemorrhage in a range of - Tracheal rales organs - Gasping - Sneezing - Watery nasal discharge FOWLPOX VIRUS - Lacrimation - Facial swelling Etiology: Fowlpox Virus, Avipoxvirus Lesions Host: - Excess mucus in the trachea, nasal - Chicken, Pigeons, Turkeys, Quail cavity and sinuses - Catarrhal exudate Spread - Mucoid plugs of pus - Intracellular form o Desquamation of skin lesions REOVIRIDAE - Extracellular form Etiology: Reovirus o Released into blood to spread to secondary sites of infection Host - Mechanical transmission of by biting - Domestic Fowl insects Spread Clinical Signs - Ingestion of contaminated feces - Disease of mature birds - Infection via respiratory tract - Cutaneous Form - Infection through embryonated eggs o Mild - Diphtheritic Form Clinical Signs o Higher mortality - Viremia Lesions - Cloacal pasting - Ulcerative enteritis - Crusty scab - Acute and Chronic Respiratory Disease - Thickening of eyelids - Pericarditis - Anemia  - Death ASCITES Lesions - Collection of fluid in the Abdomen - Hydropericardium and liver changes - Tenosynovitis - Fibrin clots in the ascitic fluid - Viral arthritis SUDDDEN DEATH SYNDROME - Spontaneous ventricular fibrillation in COCCIDIOSIS affected broilers Etiology - Congested lungs - Eimeria tenella - E. acervulina – most prevalent - E. maxima - most prevalent - E. mitis - E. necatrix – commonest of the highly pathogenic Host - Chicken Spread - Environment Clinical Signs - Dysentery - Diarrhea - Soft, mucoid feces - Increase in mortality Lesions - E. acervuline o Duodenum o White irregular linear lesions - E. necatrix o White and red focal lesions on the intestinal walls o Dysentery - E. tenella o Ceca coccidiosis o Hemorrhagic lesions of ceca o Dysentery