Classification of Mental Illness PDF

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS OR DISORDERS Performance Objective 1.2 Describe the classification of mental illness or disorders Enabling Objectives 1. Recognise the classification of mental disorders or psychiatric nosology or psychiatric taxonomy. 2. Identify the key aspect of p...

CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL ILLNESS OR DISORDERS Performance Objective 1.2 Describe the classification of mental illness or disorders Enabling Objectives 1. Recognise the classification of mental disorders or psychiatric nosology or psychiatric taxonomy. 2. Identify the key aspect of psychiatry and other mental health profession. 2.1 Recognise the International Classification of Diseases 2.1.1 Organic – symptomatic 2.1.2 Mental behavioral disorders 2.1.3 Schizophrenia 2.1.4 Mood disorders 2.1.5 Neurotic disorders 2.1.6 Behavioral syndromes 2.1.7 Disorders of personality Enabling Objectives 2.1.8 Mental Retardations 2.1.9 Disorders of psychological development 2.1.10 Emotional Disorders 2.1.11 Unspecified disorders 2.2 Recognise the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder 2.2.1 Clinical Disorders 2.2.2 Personality Disorders 2.2.3 General medical conditions 2.2.4 Psychosocial and environmental problems 2.2.5 Global assessment of function (psychological, social and job-related functions)  What will we cover in this lesson… Classify mental health disorders according to ICD-10 mental health classification Classify mental health disorders according DSM-V Mental health disorders classification Identify common terminologies of mental health disorders  Classification Classification is “the activity of ordering or arrangement of objects into groups or sets on the basis of their relationships” Psychiatric nosology or Psychiatric taxonomy is also known as the classification of mental disorders. “procedure for constructing groups or categories and for assigning entities (disorders or persons) to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations”. Millon T.(1991) J. Abnorm.Psychol., 100:245-261  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) The DSM is now in its fifth edition, DSM-5, published on May 18, 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) Offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. It is used by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, insurance and pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policy makers. https://cdn.website- editor.net/30f11123991548a0af708722d458e476/files/uploade d/DSM%2520V.pdf  The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems It is usually called by the short-form: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) – published by the World Health Organization (WHO) It is the international "standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes". It is a healthcare classification system, providing a system of diagnostic codes for classifying diseases https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/V  DSM-V: CLASSIFICATION Somatic symptom & related disorders Neurodevelopmental disorders Feeding & eating disorders Schizophrenia spectrum & other Sleep–wake disorders psychotic disorders Sexual dysfunctions Bipolar & related disorders Gender dysphoria Depressive disorders DIC Disruptive, impulse-control, & Anxiety disorders conduct disorders Obsessive-compulsive & related Substance-related & addictive disorders disorders Neurocognitive disorders Paraphilic disorders Trauma- & stressor-related disorders Personality disorders Dissociative disorders  Neurodevelopmental Disorders They are impairments of the growth and development of the brain or central nervous system. Disorders of brain function that affect emotion, learning ability, self-control and memory and that unfolds as the individual grows.  Neurodevelopmental Disorders Intellectual Disabilities Communication Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Specific Learning Disorder Motor Disorders Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders  Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders They are abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking (speech), grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia), and negative symptoms.  Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder Delusional Disorder Brief Psychotic Disorder Schizophreniform Disorder Schizophrenia Schizoaffective Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder Psychotic Disorder Due to another Medical Condition Catatonia  Bipolar & Related Disorders They involve clear changes in moods, energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated, and energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very sad, “down,” or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes).  Bipolar & Related Disorders Bipolar I Disorder Bipolar II Disorder Cyclothymic Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to another Medical Condition Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder  Depressive Disorders They are common serious mood disorders that cause severe symptoms that affect how people feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. They are persistent feelings of sadness and worthlessness as well as a lack of desire to engage in pleasurable activities.  Depressive Disorders Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Major Depressive Disorder, Single and Recurrent Episodes Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder Depressive Disorder Due to another Medical Condition Other Specified Depressive Disorder Unspecified Depressive Disorder  Anxiety Disorders A group of mental disorders characterized by feelings of anxiety and fear. Anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a fast heart rate and shakiness.  Anxiety Disorders Separation Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Selective Mutism Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Specific Phobia Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) Anxiety Disorder Due to another Panic Disorder Medical Condition Panic Attack (Specifier) Other Specified Anxiety Disorder Agoraphobia Unspecified Anxiety Disorder  Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders (OCD) OCD involves unwanted and disturbing thoughts, images, or urges (obsessions) that intrude into a person’s mind and cause a great deal of anxiety or discomfort, which the person then tries to reduce by engaging in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions). OCD is a mental disorder where people feel the need to check things repeatedly, perform certain routines repeatedly (called "rituals"), or have certain thoughts repeatedly.  Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Hoarding Disorder Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder) Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Unspecified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder  Trauma- & Stressor-Related Disorders They include disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is listed explicitly as a diagnostic criterion.  Trauma- & Stressor-Related Disorders Reactive Attachment Disorder Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Acute Stress Disorder Adjustment Disorders Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder  Dissociative Disorders They are conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception. People with dissociative disorders use dissociation, a defense mechanism, pathologically and involuntarily.  Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Amnesia Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder Other Specified Dissociative Disorder Unspecified Dissociative Disorder  Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders In somatic symptom disorders, the person's main concern is with physical (somatic—from soma, the Greek word for body) symptoms, such as pain, weakness, fatigue, nausea, or other bodily sensations. The person may or may not have a medical disorder that causes or contributes to the symptoms.  Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions Factitious Disorder Other Specified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder Unspecified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder  Feeding & Eating Disorders They are characterized by a persistent disturbance of feeding, eating or eating- related behavior that results in the altered consumption or absorption of food and that significantly impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning.  Feeding & Eating Disorders Pica Rumination Disorder Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Eating Disorder Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder  Elimination Disorders They all involve the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces and are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. These disorders includes enuresis, the repeated voiding of urine into inappropriate places, and encopresis, the repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places.  Elimination Disorders Enuresis Encopresis Other Specified Elimination Disorder Unspecified Elimination Disorder  Sleep-Wake Disorders Individuals with these disorders typically present with sleep-wake complaints of dissatisfaction regarding the quality, timing, and amount of sleep. Resulting daytime distress and impairment are core features shared by all of these sleep-wake disorders.  Sleep-Wake Disorders Insomnia Disorder Sleepwalking Hypersomnolence Disorder Sleep Terrors & Nightmare Narcolepsy Disorder Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Parasomnias Restless Legs Syndrome Non–Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders Substance/Medication-Induced Sleep Disorder  Sexual dysfunction It refers to a problem occurring during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity. The sexual response cycle traditionally includes excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.  Sexual Dysfunctions Delayed Ejaculation Erectile Disorder Female Orgasmic Disorder Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder Premature (Early) Ejaculation Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction Other Specified Sexual Dysfunction Unspecified Sexual Dysfunction  Gender Dysphoria The condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex. It is the dysphoria (distress) a person experiences as a result of the sex and gender they were assigned at birth.  Gender Dysphoria Gender Dysphoria Other Specified Gender Dysphoria Unspecified Gender Dysphoria  Disruptive, Impulse - Control, & Conduct Disorders They include conditions involving problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors. The disorders are unique in that these problems are manifested in behaviors that violate the rights of others (e.g., aggression, destruction of property) and/or that bring the individual into significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures.  Disruptive, Impulse - Control, & Conduct Disorders Oppositional Defiant Disorder Intermittent Explosive Disorder Conduct Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Pyromania Kleptomania Other Specified Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder Unspecified Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder  Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders They can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence. Addiction is the continued repetition of a behavior despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors.  Substance-Related & Addictive Disorders Substance-Related Disorders Alcohol-Related Disorders Caffeine-Related Disorders Cannabis-Related Disorders Hallucinogen-Related Disorders Inhalant-Related Disorders Opioid-Related Disorders Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-Related Disorders Stimulant-Related Disorders Tobacco-Related Disorders Other (or Unknown) Substance–Related Disorders Non-Substance-Related Disorders - Gambling Disorder  Neurocognitive Disorders The neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) (referred to in DSM-IV as “Dementia, Delirium, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders”) The NCD category encompasses the group of disorders in which the primary clinical deficit is in cognitive function, and that are acquired rather than developmental. Although cognitive deficits are present in many if not all mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorders), only disorders whose core features are cognitive are included in the NCD category.  Neurocognitive Disorders Delirium Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s disease Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder With Lewy Bodies Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury Substance/Medication-Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Disease Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson’s Disease Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington’s Disease Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Etiologies Unspecified Neurocognitive Disorder  Personality disorders They are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating markedly from those accepted by the individual's culture. They involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible.  Personality Disorders Cluster A Personality Disorders Cluster C Personality Disorders Paranoid Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Other Personality Disorders Cluster B Personality Disorders Personality Change Due to Another Medical Antisocial Personality Disorder Condition Borderline Personality Disorder Other Specified Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Unspecified Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder  Paraphilic Disorders They are also known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, fetishes, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals There is still debate over which, if any, of the paraphilias should be listed in diagnostic manuals, such as DSM or ICD.  Paraphilic Disorders Voyeuristic Disorder Exhibitionistic Disorder Frotteuristic Disorder Sexual Masochism Disorder Sexual Sadism Disorder Pedophilic Disorder Fetishistic Disorder Transvestic Disorder Other Specified Paraphilic Disorder Unspecified Paraphilic Disorder  Medication-Induced Movement Disorders & Other Adverse Effects of Medication They occurs due to treatment with antipsychotic medications. They are caused by medications that block the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that allows communication between two neurons to take place and that is necessary for coordination of movements of different parts of the body. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders & Other Adverse Effects of Medication Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Medication-Induced Acute Dystonia Medication-Induced Acute Akathisia Tardive Dyskinesia Tardive Dystonia Tardive Akathisia Medication-Induced Postural Tremor Antidepressant Discontinuation Syndrome  Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention Relational Problems Abuse and Neglect Educational and Occupational Problems Nonadherence to Medical Treatment  ICD-10 CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS ICD-10: Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Organic, including symptomatic, mental Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders disorders Mental and behavioural disorders due to Disorders of adult personality and psychoactive substance use behaviour Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional Mental retardation disorders Disorders of psychological development Mood [affective] disorders Behavioural and emotional disorders with Behavioural syndromes associated with onset usually occurring in childhood and physiological disturbances and physical adolescence factors Unspecified mental disorder Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders (F00-F09) A range of mental disorders grouped together on the basis of their having in common etiology in cerebral disease, brain injury, or other insult leading to cerebral dysfunction.  Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders Dementia in Alzheimer's disease Vascular dementia Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere Unspecified dementia Organic amnesic syndrome, not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive substances Delirium, not induced by alcohol and other psychoactive substances Other mental disorders due to brain damage and dysfunction and to physical disease Personality and behavioural disorders due to brain disease, damage and dysfunction  Mental & behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use (F10-F19) A wide variety of disorders that differ in severity and clinical form but that are all attributable to the use of one or more psychoactive substances, which may or may not have been medically prescribed.  Mental & behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use Mental and behavioural disorders due to: – use of alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives or hypnotics, cocaine, other stimulants, including caffeine, hallucinogens, tobacco – use to volatile solvents (e.g. glue, aerosol, paints, thinners, gasoline, and cleaning fluids) – multiple drug use and use of other psychoactive substances (e.g. alcohol, Ecstasy etc.)  Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders (F20-F29) This brings together schizophrenia, as the most important member of the group, schizotypal disorder, persistent delusional disorders, and a larger group of acute and transient psychotic disorders. The schizophrenic disorders are characterized in general by fundamental and characteristic distortions of thinking and perception, and affects that are inappropriate or blunted.  Schizophrenia, schizotypal & delusional disorders Schizophrenia Schizotypal disorder Persistent delusional disorders Acute and transient psychotic disorders Induced delusional disorder Schizoaffective disorders Other nonorganic psychotic disorders Unspecified nonorganic psychosis  Mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39) This contains disorders in which the fundamental disturbance is a change in affect or mood to depression (with or without associated anxiety) or to elation. Most of these disorders tend to be recurrent and the onset of individual episodes can often be related to stressful events or situations.  Mood [affective] disorders Manic episode Phobic anxiety disorders Bipolar affective disorder Other anxiety disorders Depressive episode Obsessive-compulsive disorder Recurrent depressive disorder Reaction to severe stress, and Persistent mood [affective] disorders adjustment disorders Other mood [affective] disorders Dissociative [conversion] disorders Unspecified mood [affective] disorder Somatoform disorders Other neurotic disorders  Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F40-F48) Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders have common historical origin with the concept of neurosis and association of a substantial proportion of these disorders with psychological causation. Mixtures of symptoms, especially anxiety and depressive ones are common in these disorders With the exception of social phobia their frequency is higher in women than in men.  Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders Phobic anxiety disorders Other anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder Reaction to severe stress, and adjustment disorders Dissociative [conversion] disorders Somatoform disorders Other neurotic disorders  Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances & physical factors (F50-F59) This contains disorders related to unspecified behavioral syndromes associated with some different physiological disturbances and physical factors Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances & physical factors Eating disorders Nonorganic sleep disorders Sexual dysfunction, not caused by organic disorder or disease Mental and behavioural disorders associated with the puerperium, not elsewhere classified Psychological and behavioural factors associated with disorders or diseases classified elsewhere Abuse of non-dependence-producing substances Unspecified behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors  Disorders of adult personality & behaviour (F60- F69) This includes a variety of conditions and behaviour patterns of clinical significance which tend to be persistent and appear to be the expression of the individual's characteristic lifestyle and mode of relating to himself or herself and others. They represent extreme or significant deviations from the way in which the average individual in a given culture perceives, thinks, feels and, particularly, relates to others.  Disorders of adult personality & behaviour Specific personality disorders Mixed and other personality disorders Enduring personality changes, not attributable to brain damage and disease Habit and impulse disorders Gender identity disorders Disorders of sexual preference Psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation Other disorders of adult personality and behaviour Unspecified disorder of adult personality and behaviour  Mental retardation (F70-F79) A condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, which is especially characterized by impairment of skills manifested during the developmental period, skills which contribute to the overall level of intelligence, i.e. cognitive, language, motor, and social abilities. Retardation can occur with or without any other mental or physical condition.  Mental retardation Mild mental retardation Moderate mental retardation Severe mental retardation Profound mental retardation Other mental retardation Unspecified mental retardation  Disorders of psychological development (F80-F89) The disorders include: (a) onset invariably during infancy or childhood; (b) impairment or delay in development of functions that are strongly related to biological maturation of the central nervous system; and (c) a steady course without remissions and relapses. In most cases, the functions affected include language, visuo-spatial skills, and motor coordination.  Disorders of psychological development Specific developmental disorders of speech and language Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills Specific developmental disorder of motor function Mixed specific developmental disorder Pervasive developmental disorders Other disorders of psychological development Unspecified disorder of psychological development  Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90-F98) The disorders are closely related to some common behavioural and emotional disorders that usually occur in children and adolescence that significantly impair their academic, social and work performance.  Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood & adolescence Hyperkinetic disorder Conduct disorders Mixed disorders of conduct and emotions Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adolescence Tic disorders Other behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence  Unspecified mental disorder Mental disorder, not otherwise specified (NOS) When the symptoms exhibited point toward a mental disorder but do not fall into one of the generally accepted categories of mental illnesses, it is classified as unspecified mental disorder. The main cause may not be known, there are common symptoms that appear in people who suffer from this mental illness  Readings American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2013. Kapoor B. Textbook of Psychiatric Nursing Vol. 1. India: Kumar Publishing; 2010. Chapter 3, pp. 79-86. Queensland transcultural mental health Centre. Glossary of mental health terms for interpreters and translators English - Chinese, Italian, Spanish & Vietnamese. Queensland Australia, Queensland health, 2006. Available at https://www.health.qld.gov.au/metrosouthmentalhealth/qtmhc/docs/gloss ary_mh_terms_v1.pdf World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1993.