Psychology 2e - Psychological Disorders PDF

PSYCHOLOGY 2e Chapter 15 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS PowerPoint Image Slideshow: 15.1 – 15.3 Instructions These are the accompanying slides to the textbook. Please read sections 15.1 through 15.3 (pgs. 537-548) I recommend using these slides as a study guide that you can take note...

PSYCHOLOGY 2e Chapter 15 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS PowerPoint Image Slideshow: 15.1 – 15.3 Instructions These are the accompanying slides to the textbook. Please read sections 15.1 through 15.3 (pgs. 537-548) I recommend using these slides as a study guide that you can take notes on. All of the information may not be on the slides, but you are responsible for knowing all of the information from these sections (as included in the textbook). Please note no highlighted terms were included in these slides – make sure you know all vocabulary terms from the textbook. You can find a list of them at the end of the chapter DEFINITION OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER Psychopathology – the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (causes), and treatment. Psychological disorder – a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Behaviors, thoughts, and inner experiences that are atypical, dysfunctional, or dangerous are signs of psychological disorders. However, there is no single definition of psychological abnormality or normality. Just because something is atypical, does not mean it is disordered. Red hair is considered unusual, but not abnormal. (a) Isla Fischer, (b) Prince Harry, and (c) Marcia Cross are three natural redheads. (b) (credit a: modification of work by Richard Goldschmidt; credit b: modification of work by Glyn Lowe; credit c: modification of work by Kirk Weaver) DEFINITION OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER Cultural Expectations Violating cultural expectations is not enough by itself to identify a psychological disorder. Social norms vary between cultures - what is considered appropriate in one culture may be viewed differently in another. Hallucinations is a violation of cultural expectations in Western Societies. People who report hallucinations are likely to be labeled with a psychological disorder. However, in some other cultures, certain types of hallucinations are highly valued. Harmful Dysfunction Wakefield (1992): Proposed a more influential concept in which he defines psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction. Dysfunction occurs when an internal mechanism (e.g., cognition, perception, learning) breaks down and cannot perform its normal function. For a dysfunction to be be classed as a disorder, it must also be harmful – leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others, as judged by the standards of the individual’s culture. DEFINITION OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER American Psychological Association (APA) Definition A psychological disorder is a condition that consists of the following: Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Outside of cultural norms. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life. E.g. difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles. Despite the many existing definitions, there is no universal agreement on where the boundary between disordered and not disordered is. THE DIAGNOSTIC & STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (DSM) Diagnosis – appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms Requires classification systems that organize psychological disorders systematically. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Published by the American Psychiatric Association. First published in 1952 and has since undergone numerous revisions. The first two editions listed homosexuality as a disorder but was removed in 1973. DSM-5 is the classification system used by most mental health professionals. Categorizes and describes each disorder. Diagnostic features – overview of the disorder. Diagnostic criteria – specific symptoms required for diagnosis. Prevalence – percent of population thought to be afflicted. Risk factors. Provides information about comorbidity (the co-occurrence of two disorders). PREVALENCE RATES (DSM-IV) The graph shows the breakdown of psychological disorders, comparing the percentage prevalence among adult males and adult females in the United States. The DSM-IV, has since been supplanted by the DSM-5. Most categories remain the same; however, alcohol abuse now falls under a broader Alcohol Use Disorder category. COMORBIDITY (DSM) Obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depressive disorder frequently occur in the same person. THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES (ICD) Published by the World Health Organization (WHO). Classification and criteria for specific disorders are similar to the DSM but some differences exist. Used to examine general health of populations and monitor prevalence of diseases/health problems internationally. Worldwide, the ICD is more frequently used for clinical diagnosis, whereas the DSM is more valued for research. DSM includes more explicit disorder criteria as well as extensive explanatory text. DSM is the classification system used among U.S. mental health professionals. SUPERNATURAL PERSPECTIVES For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a supernatural perspective. Supernatural perspective – psychological disorders attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding. Practitioners of black magic (sorcery). Possessed by spirits. Witchcraft. Treatments included torture, beatings, and exorcism. In The Extraction of the Stone of Madness, a 15th century painting by Hieronymus Bosch, a practitioner is using a tool to extract an object (the supposed “stone of madness”) from the head of an afflicted person. DANCING MANIA Epidemic in Western Europe (11th-17th centuries) in which groups of people would suddenly begin to dance with wild abandon. Some would dance for days or weeks, screaming of terrible visions. Although the cause is unknown, the behavior was attributed by many to supernatural forces. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES View psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena: Genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities. Supported by evidence that most psychological disorders have a genetic component. A person’s risk of developing schizophrenia increases if a relative has schizophrenia. The closer the genetic relationship, the higher the risk. DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL Psychosocial Perspective Emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patters, and environmental factors. Views the cause of psychological disorders as a combination of biological and psychosocial factors. Diathesis-Stress Model: Integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder. Diathesis + Stress → Development of a disorder People with an underlying predisposition for a disorder (diathesis) are more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. A diathesis can be a biological or psychological vulnerability.