PMLS 1 Lecture 2.1: History of Medical Technology Profession (Global Context) PDF

PMLS 1 MT TERM LECTURE \ FONTANOZA 01 LECTURE 2....

PMLS 1 MT TERM LECTURE \ FONTANOZA 01 LECTURE 2.1: HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION / MLS PRACTICE (GLOBAL CONTEXT) OUTLINE established the I Introduction to Medical Technology relationship II History of Medical Technology in a Global Context A Timeline between fluid B Middle Ages intake and urine III Breakthroughs in Medical Technology volume IV Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Lab. Qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids 4 humors: BLOOD, PHLEGM, YELLOW AND BLACK OBJECTIVES BILE (4 elements) Students should be able to discuss the history of medical Rufus of Ephesus – first description of hematuria (presence technology in a global context. of blood in urine), attributed to failure of kidneys to function Be able to identify the personalities that played significant properly in filtering the blood. roles in the progress of the medical technology profession. Cite inventions and innovations in the medical technology field. FOUR (4) HUMORS THEORY Hot + Moist = BLOOD MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY Hot + Dry = YELLOW BILE It is a branch of the allied health professions that deals with Cold + Moist = PHLEGM the study of various disciples such as chemistry, Cold + Dry = BLACK BILE microbiology, parasitology, blood banking, hematology, o Combinations of physiologic characteristics clinical microscopy, histology, and histopathology, among others. MORE INFORMATION Medical Technologists, also known as clinical laboratory technologists, perform and analyze the results of complex PEOPLE CONTRIBUTION scientific tests on blood and bodily fluids. Hippocrates Advocated the tasting of the patient’s o These highly trained professionals work in hospitals urine, correlating it with certain types of and independent laboratories using sophisticated kidney disease and chronic illness. procedures and equipment. Greeks They were able to conclude that if his/her urine attracted ants, this could be another HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY type of kidney disease – Diabetes. Chinese Known for practicing immunization by IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT inhaling the powder from small pox scabs TIMELINE PEOPLE KNOWN CONTRIBUTION/ Romans Known for developing surgical tools such FOR/AS DISCOVERY as the scalpel, forceps, and surgical 300 BC – Hippocrates Father of tasting of urine, needles. 180 AD of Kos Medicine listening to the Indians Known for practicing toxicology in a form lungs and AGADATANTRA. Author of observing Hippocratic outward MIDDLE AGES Oath appearances of Early Christians believed that disease was either a bubbles, blood punishment for a sin or a result of witchcraft or possession. and pus in urine o Basic therapy → PRAYER, PENITENCE & (kidney disease INVOCATION OF SAINTS and chronic Lay Medicine – based their diagnosis on symptoms, exam. illness) Pulse, palpitation, percussion and inspection of excreta or Claudios Greek Father of semen. Galen of philosopher Experimental and Isaac Judaeus – Jewish physician and philosopher, Pergamum Physiology physician devised guidelines for the use of urine as a diagnostic aid. also created a system of pathology that UROSCOPY combined Also known as “Water casting” Hippocrates’ Historical medical practice of visually examining a patient’s humoral theories urine for pus, blood, or other symptoms of disease with Pythagorean Patients submit specimen in a decorative flask theory o Urine flasks became the emblem of medieval medicine described Physicians who failed to examine the urine → PUBLIC Diabetes (diarrhea of urine) BEATINGS (Jerusalem Code of 1090) Around 1300 AD, uroscopy became widespread in Europe | 1D-MT 1  TRANS: History of Medical Technology Profession / Medical Laboratory Science Practice (Global Context) ZACHARIAS JANSSEN SPHYGMOMANOMETER Opened the doors for scientists who wanted to explore the It is used to measure the blood pressure of a certain invisible world we live in and further understand the disease individual. causation. He made the first Janssen microscope (eyepiece & simple CHEMISTRY objective lens). It was pivotal in the diagnosis of Diabetes, Anemia, Diphtheria and Syphilis during this period (19th century). BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY The onset of mechanical and chemical devices spurred the turn from general practice to specialization. This turn was brought about by increasing number of patients and the increasing amount of medical knowledge which generalists could no longer handle. More complex machinery and equipment used in medical practice required technical expertise resulting in cooperative arrangement among specialists in different fields. SUMMARY OF DISCOVERIES BY TIMELINE DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL BREAKTHROUGHS TIMELINE DISCOVERIES DEVICE INVENTOR USE / MEASURES 900 AD 1st book characteristics of urine (e.g. color, density, quality) Stethoscope Rene Laennec Used to acquire (1816) information about the Early 11th Medical practitioners were not allowed lungs and heartbeat century to conduct physical exam of the patient’s body; relied on the patient description of symptoms and their observation 18th century Medical techniques and cadaver dissection (accurate diagnosis) 19th century Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics Microscope Antonie van Developed for 1969 80% medical professionals were non- Leeuwenhoek medical purposes physicians, impelled the need for (1840) due to advances in technicians to be proficient in the use of lenses and lower technology costs Instrument that 19TH CENTURY produces enlarged DEVICE INVENTOR USE / MEASURES images of small Spirometer John Vital capacity of objects, allowing the Hutchinson lungs observer an exceedingly close view of minute structures at a scale convenient for examination and analysis. Sphygmomanometer Jules Blood pressure Opthalmoscope Hermann von First visual Herrison Helmholz technology (1850) Instrument for inspecting the interior of the eye SPIROMETER A respirometer or incentive spirometer is a device used Laryngoscope Manuel Garcia Using 2 mirrors to to help us keep our lungs healthy. It helps us to take slow, (1855) observe the throat deep breaths to expand and fill our lungs with air. This helps and larynx prevent lung problems, such as pneumonia. It is used to measure the vital capacity of the lungs. Patients are asked to blow through the tube that is attached to move the 3 balls in order to exercise one’s lungs. It is made up of a breathing tube, an air chamber, and an indicator (3 colored balls). Regular exercise helps to open our airways, prevent fluid or mucus from building up in our lungs, and make it easier for us to breathe. | 1D-MT 2  TRANS: History of Medical Technology Profession / Medical Laboratory Science Practice (Global Context) X-ray Wilhelm Discovered by Often referred to as Roentgen accident that the “pump”, and does (1859) radiation could the work of the heart penetrate solid and lungs during the objects of low density operation. Allows physicians to Cardiac First operated Made seeing the view without surgery Catheterization by Forsmann heart, lung vessels, Used to dx and Angiography (1929) and valves possible (diagnose) through inserting the pneumonia, pleurisy, Developed by cannula in an arm tuberculosis since Moniz, Reboul, vein and into the WW2 Rousthol heart with an Electrocardiograph William Measure electrical (1930-1940) injection of Einthoven changes during the radiopaque dye for x- (1903) beating of the heart Discovered as ray visualization. safe method by Cournard (1941) Electron Ernst Ruska New medical Kenny Method Elizabeth Pioneering work for Microscope and Max Knoll imaging technology Kenny (1910) Physical Therapy (1931): First Visualization of Treatment for Polio prototype = small cells including (infantile paralysis) 400 power tumor cells Use hot packs and magnification muscle manipulation Tomography and Tomography: The adaptation of Sylvia Stretcher Elizabeth New stretcher Magnetic Godfrey computers Kenny (1927) Transporting Resonance Hounsfield patients in shock Imaging (1972) MRI: Raymond Damadian (1977) – First person to do a full body scan of a human being Drinker Philip Drinker Help patients with Respirator (1927) paralytic anterior poliomyelitis recover OTHER MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY BREAKTHROUGHS normal respiration Prosthesis: with the assistance of o Artificial heart valves artificial respirator. o Artificial blood vessels o Functional electromechanical limbs o Reconstructive skeletal joints Robotics Keyhole Surgery Procedures Genetic Engineering Telemedicine / Information Technology Heart-Lung Hermann von A machine that Machine Helmholz temporarily takes (1939) over the functions of the heart and lungs, especially during heart surgery. A device used in open heart surgery to support the body during the surgical procedure while the heart is stopped. | 1D-MT 3  TRANS: History of Medical Technology Profession / Medical Laboratory Science Practice (Global Context) INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF throughout the body in a MEDICAL LABORATORY continuous cycle. Note: For this one, there is no need to memorize the dates. 1635-1703 Robert Hooke Used microscope to Only familiarize the person and the significant contribution document the existence of of this scientist / inventor. “cells” 1628-1694 Marcello Father of Histology TIMELINE PEOPLE CONTRIBUTION Malpighi 1660 Antonie van Father of Microbiology Physician to Pope Innocent Leeuwenhoek Microscope XII and was famous for his 1796 Edward Vaccination to establish investigations of the Jenner immunity to small pox embryology of the chick and Impact: Immunology the histology and physiology 1880 Marie Identified organs by their of the glands and viscera. Francois types of tissues 1694 Frederick Urine contained protein Xavier Bichat Impact: Histology Dekkers would form a precipitate 1835 Agostino Produced disease in worms when boiled with acetic acid Bassi by injection of organic 1621-1675 Thomas First to notice the material Willis characteristic sweet taste of Impact: Bacteriology diabetic urine (as it was 1857 Louis Pasteur Produced immunity to infused with honey or sugar) rabies 1631-1691 Richard First to perform direct 1866 Gregor Enunciated his law of Lower transfusion of blood from Mendel inherited characteristics one animal to another (dog) from studies on plants 1739-1774 William Father of Hematology 1870 Joseph Lister Demonstrated that surgical Hewson infections are caused by Discovered coagulation airborne organisms 1714 Gabriel Develops the mercury 1877 Robert Koch Presented the first pictures Fahrenheit thermometer and the of bacilli (anthrax) and later Fahrenheit temp scale tubercle bacilli 1770 John Hill Introduced a method of 1886 Elie Described phagocytes in obtaining specimens for Metchnikoff blood and their role in microscopic study fighting infection (called 1774 J.W. Tichy Observations of sediments phagocytosis) in the urine of febrile 1886 Ernst Von Introduced steam patients Bergmann sterilization in surgery 1776 Matthew Proved that sweetness of 1902 Karl Distinguished blood groups Dobson the urine and blood serum Landsteiner through the development of in diabetes is caused by the ABO blood group sugar system 1780 Francis Home Developed yeast test for 1906 August von Developed immunologic test sugar determination in Wassermann for syphilis diabetic urine 1906 Howard Discovered microorganisms 1789 Antoine Discovered cholesterol Ricketts whose range lies between Francois de bacteria and viruses called Fourcroy “rickettsiae” 19th Johannes Pioneer the use of 1926 Hans Fischer Worked out the structure of century Evangelista microscope hemoglobin Purkinje 1954 Jonas Salk Developed poliomyelitis Description of the germinal vaccine (inactivated) vesicle in the embryo, 1973 James Introduced the Westgard description and naming of protoplasm, discovery of the Westgard Rules for quality control in sudoriferous glands of the the clinical laboratory skin and excretory ducts 1980 Baruch Hepatitis B vaccine Samuel 1854 John Snow Studied the great cholera Blumberg outbreak in London 1985 Kary Mullis Polymerase Chain Reaction 1877 Karl Von Coagulation time as an (PCR) Vierordt index of blood coagulation 1992 Andre Van Intracytoplasmic sperm Sir Almroth Observed the role of Steirtghem injection Edward Write calcium salts in the coagulation of blood 1998 James Derived the first human Thomson stem cell line 1879 Paul Ehrlich Developed methods of drying and fixing blood 1578-1657 William Discovery of the circulation smears using heat Harvey of blood Discovered mast cells and Proved through vivisection, classified white blood cells ligation, and perfusion that according to its granulation the heart acts as a muscular pump propelling the blood | 1D-MT 4  TRANS: History of Medical Technology Profession / Medical Laboratory Science Practice (Global Context) 1928 Alexander Penicillin (paramount in 1926 Arne Tiselius Developed moving Fleming initiating the antibiotic era) boundary electrophoresis of 1830 Gerardus Performed the first chemical proteins Mulder analysis of proteins Theodore Determined the molecular Joseph Developed an achromatic Svedberg weight of hemoglobin by Jackson microscope and introduced ultracentrifugation Lister dark-field microscopy 1928 George Reported the ability to 1836 James Marsh Developed a standard test Nicholas recover cancer in vaginal for arsenic Papanicolaou smears through papsmear 1852 Karl Von Developed a method for 1929 Otto Folin Introduced the use of light Vierordt performing accurate blood filter in colorimetry counts (using R. Gabreus Develops the erythrocyte hemocytometry) sedimentation rate (ESR) as George Discovered fluorescence an index of severity of the Gabriel disease Stokes 1930 H.D. Kay Developed the first clinical 1852 William Prepared the first synthetic laboratory method for Perkin dye alkaline phosphatase 1854 Jules Developed the first visual (paved the way for Clinical Duboscq colorimeter based on Beer’s Enzymology) Law 1932 Ian Cherry & Developed the first clinical 1869 Herman Luer Invented the glass Lathan lab method for serum lipase hypodermic syringe Crandall activity 1872 Oscar Brefeld Developed the use of a 1938 Michael Developed 2 major clinical gelatin for isolation of fungi Somogyi lab methods for serum and 1875 William Henry Established the first public urine amylase activity Corfield health lab in England 1886 Max Jaffe Developed alkaline picrate Alexander Gutman Developed the first assay for acid method for the phosphatase determination of creatinine Edward Joseph Developed the first clinical lab 1892 James Dewar Invented the vacuum flask Conway & Robert method for ammonia 1893 Julius Elster Invented the photoelectric Cooke & Hans cell S. Borgstrom Developed the whole blood clotting Friedrich time test Geitel Rosalyn Yalow & Developed radioimmunoassay Theodore Invented the nephelometer Solomon Berson Richards (an instrument for Miroslav Poulik Invented immunoelectrophoresis measuring the size and Alan Walsh Develops the atomic absorption concentration of particles spectrometer suspended in a liquid or Felix Wroblewski & Developed the method for serum gas, especially by means of John Landue lactate dehydrogenase, serum the light they scatter) alanine aminotransferase 1895 Franz Ziehl & Produced their modification Arthur Karmen Developed the method for Friendrich of the acid-fast stain for aspartate aminotransferase Neelsen tuberculosis Severo Ochoa Synthesized RNA 1896 Charles Published Practical Emile Van Handel & Developed a direct chemical Purdy Urinalysis and Urinary Don Zilversmit method for the determination of Diagnosis triglycerides Ferdinand Developed the agglutination James Westgard Introduces Westgard control rules Widal test for identification of the into clinical laboratory quality typhoid bacillus control 1902 Christian Discovered the reciprocal M.C. Yank Introduced Prostate Specific Bohr relationship between pH Antigen (PSA) as a serum tumor and oxygen content of marker hemoglobin (Bohr effect) Martinus Obtained the first pure TIMELINE PEOPLE SERUM TUMOR MARKER Beijerinck culture of the sulfur- 1980 David Colcher CA-72 (colorectal cancer) oxidizing bacterium 1981 Hilary CA 19-9 (pancreatic cancer) 1905 H.J. Bechtold Discovered immunodiffusion Koprowski 1908 Arthur Published the first edition of Robert Bast CA-125 (ovarian cancer) Sanford & Diagnosis by Laboratory Jr. James Todd Methods 1983 L. Lindholm CA-50 (colorectal cancer) 1911 Oskar Invented the fluorescence 1985 R. Tobias CA-15-3 (breast cancer) Heimstadlt microscope 1987 Kurt Bray CA 549 (breast cancer) 1916 Philip Adolf Developed the colorimeter- S. Fukuta CA-195 (colorectal cancer) Kober nephelometer 1919 Francis Developed the mass REFERENCES William Aston spectrograph Notes from the discussion by Noee Fontanoza, RMT | 1D-MT 5 TRANS: History of Medical Technology Profession / Medical Laboratory Science Practice (Global Context) | 1D-MT 6