PMLS 1 REVIEWER FOR BATT EXAM PDF

Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 2ND SEMESTER I S.Y 2021 – 2022 LECTURER: Source: PPT sa sinend DR. MA. TERESA MARCELO ni Ate Shenel Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY...

Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 2ND SEMESTER I S.Y 2021 – 2022 LECTURER: Source: PPT sa sinend DR. MA. TERESA MARCELO ni Ate Shenel Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY  Hippocrates concluded that appearance of bubbles, blood and pus in urine indicated kidney disease History of the medical technology profession and chronic illnesses.  Galen described diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” Intended learning outcomes and established the relationship between fluid At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: intake and urine volume.  Discuss the history of medical technology in a global In medieval Europe: context  Identify the different personalities that played  Diagnosis by “water casting” (uroscopy) was widely significant roles in the progress of the medtech practiced. profession; and  Patients submitted their urine in decorative  Cite inventions and innovations in the medtech flasks. Physicians who to failed to examine urine field. were subjected to public beatings. History of medical tech. in a global context By 900 AD:  Early medical diagnosis treated diseases as a  the first book detailing the characteristics of urine mystery. (e.g., color, density, quality) was written.  Disease was believed to the caused by the negative interaction between the environment and the In the early 11th century: body.  Medical practitioners were not allowed to conduct By around 300 BC and 180 AD: physical examination of the patient’s body. Thus, they relied solely on the patient’s description of  Hippocarates, considered the “Father of Medicine” symptoms and their observations. and author of the Hippocratic Oath, and Galen, a Greek physician and philosopher, instigated a By 18th century: rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder  Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection through measurement of body fluids (also called were used to provide a more objective and the four humours- blood, phlegm, yellow bile, accurate diagnosis and to understand the insides black bile) in relation to seasons. of the body.  The purpose of these Greek physicians was intended to increase the quality of life of patients. By 19th century:  Urine was one of the body fluids that underwent  Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or examination. Hippocrates advocated the tasting of therapeutics. the urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances in the diagnosis of disease.  Among these devices were John Hutchinson’s spirometer for measuring the vital capacity of the lungs, and Jules Herisson’s spygmomanometer for measuring blood pressure.   Also the use of chemistry was pivotal in the  Medical technology breakthroughs persist through diagnosis of diabetes, anemia, diphtheria, and robotics, keyhole surgery procedures, genetic syphilis during this period. engineering, and telemedicine (information  The onset of mechanical and chemical devices technology). spurred the turn from general practice to  Medical technology has improved quality of life specialization. and increased life expectancy.  The thermometer, stethoscope, microscopes,  However, this progress resulted in the reevaluation ophthalmoscope, laryngoscopes, and x-ray are of traditional definitions of life and death. some of the breakthroughs in medical technology that allowed physicians to examine body parts used to be observed only in cadavers. History of medical technology in the U.S.  Identify some breakthroughs in medical technology.  In the U.S. the establishment of the first clinical laboratories and the devt of laboratory practice In mid-1800s: marked the growth of the medical laboratory.  Laboratories designed for analyzing medical In 1895 specimens were organized by chemical experts.  The University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper By mid-1900s: Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was opened to  Technical laboratories regulated by the Centers for highlight the service role of the clinical laboratories. Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began to be In 1989 used for medical diagnostics in the US.  John Kolmer called for the devt of a method that In the early 20th century: would certify medical technologists on a national  Improvements in basic sciences and integration of scale. scientific and technological discoveries (i.e.,  Kolmer published the Demand for and Training of electrical measurement techniques, sensor Laboratory Technicians that included a description development, nuclear medicine, and diagnostic of the first formal training course In Medical ultrasound, marked the advances in medical technology. It was also in the same year when the technology. state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law  Medical technology also made impacts on various requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a surgical procedures. fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and  Further integration of technology with science to employ a full-time laboratory technician. ushered in new medical advancements such as In 1920 electron microscope, new medical imaging technologies, and prosthetic devices.  The administrative units of clinical laboratories in  The electron microscopy gave way to the large hospitals were directed by a chief physician. visualization of small cells including tumor cells. During this time, clinical laboratories consisted of 4  The adaption of computers in medical researches to 5 divisions including clinical pathology, led to the devt of tomography and magnetic bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology. resonance imaging (MRI)  Prosthesis such as artificial heart valves, artificial In 1922 blood vessels, functional electromechanical limbs,  The American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) and reconstructive skeletal joints were also was founded with the objective of encouraging the developed as a result of these innovations. cooperation between physicians and clinical  pathologists as well as maintaining the status of 1954 clinical pathologists.  ASCP also established the code of ethics for  The Training program ended in 1954 when the technicians and technologists stating that these Bureau of Private Education approved a four-year course in B.S. in Medical Technology allied health professionals should work under the supervision of a physician and refrain from making  In the same year, the Manila Sanitarium and oral or written diagnosis and advising physicians on Hospital (MSH) opened its first School of Medical how patients should be treated. Technology in the Phil under the leadership of Mrs.  The American Society for Clinical Laboratory Willa Hedrick, wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick. Soon after, Science(formerly the American Society for Medical MSH started its medial internship and residency Technologists), was originally formed as a subgroup program which was affiliated with Loma Linda Univ of ASCP, helped in the recognition of nonphysician of California. clinical laboratory scientists in the U.S. as Mrs. Willa Hilgert-Hedrick – founder of MT autonomous professionals. Education in the Philippines. In 1950s Philippine Union College (now Adventist University  The medical technologists in the U.S. sought of the Philippines) – 1st School offered 2-year professional recognition from the govt of their course in 1954 qualifications through licensure laws. History of Medical Technology in the Philippines Jesse Umali (1956)- UST (1957-1985) – Faculty of Pharmacy – elective to 4th year and 5th year January 26, 1945 pharmacy students  The first clinical laboratory in the Phil. was Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriguez – decided to offer it as a established during WW II by the 6th Infantry course Division of the US Arm in Quiricada St., Sta Cruz, Manila (now known as the Manila Public Health June 14, 1961 – Full recognition of the course Laboratory) FEU – 1961 June, 1945 CEU – graduated its first batch in 1962  6th U.S. Army left and the laboratory was endorsed May 13, 1970 – Dr. Serafin Juliano and Dr. Gustavo to the NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, and Reyes organized an association of Deans/Heads of was non-operational until it was reopened in Schools of MT and Hygiene October of the same year by Dr. Pio de Roda with  Many school followed to offer the BS Medical the help of then Manila City Health Officer Dr. Technology. Mariano Icasiano.  UP – similar course was offered – degree conferred  After instituting the public health laboratory in is BS Public Health (BS Hygiene) Manila, Dr. Pio de Roda along with Dr. Prudencia Sta.Ana conducted a training program for aspiring Post graduate studies laboratory workers.  UST and PWU – MS in Medical Technology  Later on, Dr. Sta. Ana was asked to prepare a six-  UP – one-year, non-thesis degree in Master in month formal syllabus for the training program Public Health with certificate fro the trainees upon completion. Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two later on. Gustavo Reyes  First PASMETH President   May 7, 1971 – first annual meeting was at UST 1. Primary  CBC, urinalysis, fecalysis, blood typing History of the Philippine quantitative platelet count Association of Medical Technologist (PAMET) 2. Secondary Crisanto G. Almario  Primary+ routine clinical chemistry test (glucose Father of PAMET substance concentration, BUN, BUA, creatinine, cholesterol)  September 15, 1956 – organized  Cross matching (hospital based)  September 20, 1964 – 1st National convention held 3. Tertiary at FEU Primary + secondary and: Charlemagne Tamondong a. special chemistry b. special hematology  President for 3 consecutive terms from 1963-1967 c. immunology/serology  Worked for the apporval of House Bill no. 7682 for d. microbiology Medical Technologist – May 10, 1965 Nardito Moraleta Clinical Laboratory in a hospital setting:  Father of the Profession Depends on the size of the hospital  1967-1970  Small size hospital (