Pigafetta-and-Plasencia-Reviewer-2.pdf

Readings in PH History (Module 3) The competition between Spain and Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Portugal became heated enough that Primary Sources the two countries had to get the pope to Historical Context...

Readings in PH History (Module 3) The competition between Spain and Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Portugal became heated enough that Primary Sources the two countries had to get the pope to Historical Context divide up the New World into two parts. The social, political, cultural, economic Content Analysis and environmental situations that influence the events that happened during that time Historical Content The information or events being narrated by the author FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD by: Antionio Pigafetta Antonio Pigafetta Latitudes and Leagues A Venetian scholar and explorer who traveled with Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan He kept an accurate journal, which became the source of information on Magellan’s voyage. He was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522, out of the approximately 240 who set out three years earlier. Context Analysis 16th century European economy was Description of Early Ancestors Mercantilist. Wealth Is measured based on accumulation of bullion or precious Seignior (King/Chief) metals. Matured (old man in some encounters) 16th century Europe was dominated by Some are bit larger than his men and the Holy Roman Empire. finest looking man Asian goods reached Europe either via Some are pointed (tattooed) the Silk Road or the Arabian-Italian trade Wore gold earrings and necklaces route. Both are expensive and Some had black hair and hung to oftentimes disrupted by wars and shoulders natural calamities. Wore cotton cloth all embroidered with Since land routes were expensive and silk which covered him from the waist to required consent of many powerful the knees armed groups, Portugal explored the Wore armlets and other rings for the feet ocean as alternative way to the Spice Islands. Soon after, Spain rivaled Portugal in finding new routes.  Other Men extends his fist of the left hand towards the Naked, with cloth woven from a bark of latter. Sometimes they have a meal that would a tree about (cover) their privies last for six hours Dark, fat and painted (tattooed) Food – our ancestors eat umay (rice), coconut, Anointed with their bodies with coconut meat and fish, and drink uraca (arrack) – a wine oil as a protection against sun and wind taken from palm (coconut) Some have dark hair that hung to the waist Animals and Other Produce – dogs, cats, Have their penises pierced from one swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger, coconuts, figs side to the other near the head with a (banana), oranges, lemons, millet, panicum, gold or tin bolt as large as a goose quill sorgo, wax and gold Women Dwellings – built up from the ground on huge Clad in tree cloth from waist down posts of wood and thatched with fig and palm Hair is black and reaches the ground leaves They are as white and as large as the Conversion of Our Ancestors Spaniards Raia Humabon – Don Carlos Holes in their ears which are filled with Son of Raia Humabon (prince) – gold (earrings) Fernando Constantly chewing a fruit which they Raia Culambo – Johanni call areca which resembles a pear, cut Queen (Amihan) – Johanna into four and wrapped with betre (betel) Queen of Mazaua – Lisabeta leaves Women age six upward have their HISTORICAL RELEVANCE The Pigafetta document gave a detailed vaginas gradually opened because of chronicle of the significant events of the the men’s exploration of Ferdinand Magellan. Cultural Milieu of Pre-colonial Filipinos Thanksgiving/Gratitude – raised clasped It provided a description, location and hands and face towards the sky and then distances, of the places visited, thereby, turned to others enhancing the knowledge of cartography at that time. Friendship (casi-casi) – a ritual of friendship wherein one must shed a drop of his blood There was evidence of agricultural activities of from his right arm and the other will do the the pre-colonial Philippines based on their same and partake each other’s blood produce. Pre- colonial Filipinos engaged in Marriage – one can have many wives as they trade with neighboring countries like China. wish but one of them is the principal wife The document also narrated the status Trade – our ancestor has a custom that all (inferiority) of the Filipinos in warfare, manner ships that will enter their port should pay of dressing and system of writing. tribute The documents narrated the conversion of Festivities - Our ancestor are heavy drinkers. early Filipinos into Christianity. Before the king drinks, he raised his clasped hands towards the sky and then towards the person he is drinking with, and the former  Las Costumbres de Los Indios Tagalos en Some duties of friars assigned in Filipinas by: Juan de Plasensia, O.S.F. mission territories: Juan de Plasencia O.S.F. 1. inform periodically their superiors of A Spanish priest of the Franciscan what was going on in their respective Order, he spent most of his missionary assignments. life in the Philippines 2. report the number of natives they He & Fray Diego de Oropresa founded converted, the people’s way of life, their and organized numerous towns in socio-economic situation and the Quezon, Laguna, Rizal and Bulacan. problems they encountered. His continuous interaction with the 3. submit short letters, while others who people he converted to Christianity were keen observers and gifted writers enabled him to write a book entitled wrote long dispatches. Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, It contains numerous information that 1589). historians could use in reconstructing the political and socio-cultural history Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589 of the Tagalog region It vividly describes the political, social, His work is a primary source because economic and cultural practices of the he personally witnessed the events and Filipinos before they were Christianized. observations that he discussed in his Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola Y account Tagala, 1593 the first printed book in the Philippines Other Friar Accounts Miguel de Loarca wrote RELACIÓN DE He used it as reading material for those LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS (1582) described Filipinos who wanted to deepen their the way of life of Filipinos living in faith in the newly accepted religion. Western Visayas area Context Analysis Antonio de Morga’s SUCESOS DE LAS During the first century of Spanish rule, ISLAS FILIPINAS gives us a lot of colonial ocicials had the hard time information about the state of the running local politics because of the Philippines at the latter part of the 16th limited number of Spaniards who century. wanted to live outside Intramuros. Many of the what we know about Philippine This situation forced them to allow history during the first century of the Spanish Filipinos to hold the position of period were derived from the accounts of the gobernadorcillo. Spanish friars To ensure that they would remain loyal to the Crown, they instructed the friars Content Analysis assigned in the parishes to supervise Community and monitor the activities of the Barangay gobernadorcillo. Tribal gathering ruled by chiefs Hence, the friars ended up performing It is called a “barangay” because they the administrative duties that colonial associate themselves with the “Malay” ocicials should have been doing in the who are one of the first people to arrive local level. in the Philippines through a boat in which they call “barangay”.  Some considered of around 30-100 Property houses The land area was divided among the Barangays have some sort of diplomacy while barangay, especially the irrigated They were all equal in status portions No one from a dicerent barangay could Government cultivate land unless they inherit or buy Datu the land The chief of the village The lands on the mountain ridges, are not He governed the people as captain even divided but owned by the barangay as a in wars, was obeyed, and revered whole Any subject who committed any ocense At the time of rice harvest, any individual against him, or spoke to his wives and (regardless of their barangay) that starts children, were severely punished. to clear any land area may sow in it. Social Hierarchy Fisheries of chiefs had established limits, and sections of the rivers for markets Unless you were a member of the chief’s barangay, you had to pay for the privilege of fishing or selling in the chief’s fisheries Marriage In the case of a divorce, if the wife would leave her husband for the sake of marrying another man, all her belongings plus a certain amount would be given to her former husband Maharlica If she chooses to leave and do not have People who are born free any plans to marry, then all of her dowry will be returned to her. Do not need to pay taxes In the case of adoption, the children Must accompany the datos in war would receive double the value of how He would keep their status for a lifetime much they were bought to be adopted; however, this can be taken if he/she Investigations and sentences for the marries a slave accused shall be presented and read in In this case, the kids would be divided front of the tribe and they would inherit the status of their Worship and Belief mother or father There were no temples or sacred places Aliping Namamahay in which Filiipinos would worship They have their own properties but has to The word simbahan means a place to serve their own masters worship which is constructed at a large Children belonging to this caste inherit house of the chief where people of the the status of their parents tribe go to celebrate festivals (aka Cannot be treated as a slave nor can be pandot or worship) sold oc They beat large and small drums Aliping Saguiguilir successively during the feast which They serve their master in their houses usually lasted four days and lands Buaya – crocorodiles; were respected by Can be sold oc the Tagalogs due to their fear of being The master can reward his/her slaves by harmed by them; they ocered a portion giving them a portion of the harvest so of what they carried in their boats to that the slaves would be faithful to them him/her.  Bathala Aman Sinaya Aka Abba “Maykapal sa lahat” Goddess of the Sea - Tagapag-likha ng mundo at tagapag- Tagalog Region subaybay ng sangkatauhan. Strikto siya - Karibal ni Bathala, ang pag-aaway daw sa kaniyang mga batas ngunit galante sa nila ang dahilan ng pagkakabuo ng ating mga sumusunod sa akniya archipelago. Pinadalhan niya ng - “Bahala na!” ang paboritong sabihin ng malalakas na alon ang Diyos ng Langit, mga taong asa lagi sa Biyaya ni Bathala na ginantihan naman nito ng pagbato ng malalaking tipak ng lupa. Mula dito, Demigods nabuo ang ating mga isla at Tatlong anak ni Bathala sa isang mortal kabundukan, na pinalilibutan ng Tagalog region karagatan. - Mayari (Goddess of the Moon) - Hanan (Goddess of the Morning) Amihan - Tala (Goddess of the Stars) Deity of the Wind - Isa siya sa unang tatlong nilalang sa Lakapati mundo, kasama nina Bathala (Langit) at Hermaphrodite Goddess of Fertility and Aman-Sinaya (Dagat). Sinasabing wala Agriculture siyang kasarian at isinisimbolo ng isang Tagalog Region gintong ibon - Kilala siya bilang pinakamabait na Diwata ng mga tagalog. Tuwing panahon ng ani, Apolaki itinataas nila sa langit ang kanilang mga God of the Sun, Patron of Warriors anak at nagdadasal, “Lakapati, pakanin Tagalog & Pangasinan Regions mo yaring alipin mo, huwag mong - Sa ibang kwento, siya at si Mayari ang gutumin.” Nang maglaon ay naging dalawang anak ni Bathala sa isang asawa siya ni Mapulon, matapos ang mortal. Ang liwanag ng kanilang mga maraming taon ng panliligaw mata ang nagsisilbing ilaw sa buong mundo. Nang mamatay si Bathala, Idianale pinag-awayan nila kung sino ang dapat Goddess of Labor and Good Deeds na magmana ng kanyang trono. - Isa siya sa mga katulong ni Bathala na Naglaban sila hanggang sa mabulag ang nakatira sa kalangitan. Dito, isang mata ni Mayari, na labis na napangasawa niya ang isa pang Diyos pinagsisihan ni Apolaki. na si Dumangan Sitan Dian Masalanta God of the Lower World Goddess of Lovers, Childbirth and Peace - Pinuno ng Kasamaan, ang sinaunang - Pinakamabait at mapagmahal sa mga impyerno. Inaakit niya ang mga mortal Diyos ng langit, pinarusahan si Dian na gumawa ng masama, sa tulong ng Masalanta nang umibig siya sa isang kanyang apat na alagad. mortal. Ipinatapon siya sa mundo ng mga tao, isang parusa na labis niyang 12 Priests of the Devil ikinasaya dahil makakasama na niya ang kaniyang mahal. 1. Mangagauay (Manggagaway, Anito healer/killer) – they pretend to heal the Tagalog and Pampanga Regions sick in order to deceive others. Mga Diwata na inatasan ni Bathala na 2. Manyisalat (Home wrecker) – they can mamuhay kasama ang mga mortal cast remedies to couples for them to - Lakambini (God of Purity) abandon one another - Lakan Bakod (Lord of Fences - Lakan Danum (Ruler of the Waters 3. Mancocolam (Most powerful witch) – Superstition can emit fire from himself which cannot They find omens in events they witness be extinguished (i.e. when someone sneezed, met on 4. Hocloban (Shapeshifter) – much more their way a rat or serpent, or the powerful than a mangagauay in which Tigmamanuguin bird sang they would go they can kill anyone without the use of any medicine. They can also heal those home in fear that evil would befall them who are ill. if they continued their journey) 5. Catolonan (were the Tagalog The Tigmamanuguin bird’s (a blue bird equivalent of Visayan babylan) – priest as large as a turtle-dove) song had two from a people of rank; ociciates the forms: a good omen, and a bad omen. ocering sacrifice for a feast and the food to be eaten being ocered to the devil In burying the dead, the corpse would 6. Silagan – They would tear out and eat be placed beside its house and be the liver of those they saw wearing white mourned at for 4 days. 7. Magtatangal – they would go out at It will then be laid on a boat which night without their heads and put it back serves as a cocin which is guarded by a into their bodies before the sun rise slave. 8. Osuang – tribesmen reported that they saw the “osuang” who can fly and The grief of the relatives of the deceased murdered a man and ate his flesh is followed by eating and drinking. 9. Mangagayoma – they would seduce Historical Relevance their partners with charms and other A very popular primary source because it accessories so they can deceive them 10. Sonat – this devil helped people to die. vividly described the situation of the They can also know if the soul they Philippines before it was tainted with Spanish helped to die can either be saved or not and Christian influences. 11. Pangatahojan – they can predict the future It preserved and popularized the unwritten 12. Bayoguin – these are men who are in customs, traditions, religious and superstitious the nature of a woman beliefs of the Filipinos. Placencia’s referred to certain ‘devil-ish Priests and missionaries read Plasencia’s belief’s e.g. the mangagauay and books to get a lot of insights that help and mangagayoma. inspire them to become ecective evangelizers. He regarded them both as “witches” It disproves the claim of some Spaniards that who performed deceitful healing when they arrived in the Philippines, Filipinos procedures, a judgment made by an were still uncivilized and lacking in culture. outsider who knew nothing about the complexity of indigenous psyche. What he failed to realize is that in traditional cultures, these so-called “evil” practices were an integral part of Filipino folk beliefs